Areas That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Essay

Territories That Shell Oil Company Needs To Focus On In Order To Increase Its Sales and Revenue - Essay Example This paper represents that Shell Oil Company is a US-based firm which has been in tasks for quite a long time. Throughout the years, the organization has had the option to reinforce its budgetary position. In any case, in the previous multi decade, the organization has lost an edge of its piece of the pie to the new participants in the market. This paper will give an inside and out knowledge of territories that the organization needs to concentrate on so as to expand its deals and income. Being a worldwide organization, Shell is confronting hardened punishments and charges from worldwide bodies. For example, the EU and UN have instituted exacting laws to check carbon discharge. This has constrained Shell to settle government pressure through contribution motivators, for example, improvement of the economies in the nations where the firm works. It has been discovered that oil can be utilized to check the monetary improvement of the nation. In any case, because of the expanding interes t for the product particularly in the United States, the oil organizations have attempted to utilize their impact to win support from the separate governments. In any case, the legislatures have kept up their positions particularly as a result of the ecological issues related with oil organizations. In the previous five years, Shell has attempted to get connect with Climate Action Partnership trying to improve its notoriety. Nonetheless, the legislature has kept up its firm situation against the organization. What's more, the Congress has expressed that the legislature can't bargain the earth so as to improve the economy. In this way, the world of politics over the world has been solid against the firm on the grounds that each legislature is attempting to do its part so as to decrease the expanding levels of an unnatural weather change. In this way, political pioneers are driving their legislatures further so as to solidify the current guidelines and guidelines.

Does the (apparently) Value-Laden Nature of Science give us Reason to Essay

Does the (obviously) Value-Laden Nature of Science give us Reason to Doubt the Objectivity and Reliability of Science - Essay Example In the passages that tail I attempt to recognize striking contentions set forward by driving researchers illustrative of the epistemology under survey. Science might be characterized as the human undertaking to investigate, explore and comprehend the physical universe. Logical technique used to pick up information on regular wonders incorporates perception, shaping speculations or hypotheses, directing examinations to test theories, and making determinations in tolerating, adjusting, or dismissing speculations. In ancient history, theory incorporated all information. In current occasions, science has become the vault of practically all information, totally epistemic and objective. Material science, from Newton’s Laws, to Einstein’s Theory of Relativity prompted numerous innovative advances, and keeps on being the paradigmatic science given careful scientific articulation. Until as of late, researchers accepted that they were taking part in a worth free, positivistic and Cartesian undertaking untainted by nonepistemic values. Gregory Mikkelson presents the subject of ‘Values in Ecology’ by highlighting the authentic connection between current science and expansionism, an improbable result given the much vaunted logical measure of fair-minded objectivity. To upgrade the goals of social and natural decent variety he advocates ‘value-frankness’ rather than the obsolete perfect of ‘value-freedom’. He recognizes the connections among morals and science and investigates the pattern towards attributing money related an incentive to biological systems. He likewise contends for a ‘foundational idea in biology †that of an environmental community’ resounding different supporters of the discussion. He sees morals as a part of science looking at what is ‘good’ and what is ‘right’ and furthermore the connection between the two ideas. Morals is about target properties like ‘r ichness, assorted variety and harmony’ and not simply our abstract assessments of them. Indeed, even the old perfect of a worth free science was established on moral subjectivist thoughts advancing that perfect. By straightforwardly declaring the moral establishments of logical request, it takes into account better basic appraisal of its decisions. He shows how the endeavor to liberate biology from values has brought about privileging the rich with antagonistic impacts on protection. Next, Mark Sagoff evaluates the present pattern to put a financial incentive on biological system administrations. He says that nature has no monetary worth. Wind, soil, water, and the fertilization administrations of bugs are sans given, yet their monetary ‘non-value’ makes little difference to their characteristic incentive to individuals. He even places timber in this classification. Biodiversity can't be shielded on financial grounds as certain business analysts have done in plac ing the expense of future ecological contamination in money related terms. Advances in innovation have remunerated ‘more than adequately’ for the exhaustion of normal stocks. Biotechnology keeps on creating better items and helps lower costs. A model refered to is transgenic trees with ‘fast development, cold-hardness, uniform and unsurprising quality, infection obstruction, etc.’ He states that ‘price doesn't correspond with worth, advantage or utility.’ He needs us not to ‘regard nature as an asset to exploit’ however ‘a legacy and a blessing to maintain’. Sagoff makes an understood worth articulation with regards to new deduction in environment. I currently come to Elliott and McKaughan’

Supercharge Your New Ride Negotiating at Car Dealerships

Supercharge Your New Ride Negotiating at Car Dealerships Supercharge Your New Ride: Negotiating at Car Dealerships Supercharge Your New Ride: Negotiating at Car DealershipsWhen youre negotiating a car purchaseâ€"whether its new or usedâ€"dont be afraid to walk away from a bad deal and wait for the right price.Next to buying a home, purchasing a car is one of the biggest financial decisions youll face in your life. And if youre not a great negotiator, you could be drastically overpaying for that vehicle. Even if the car you end up with isnt a lemon, you still dont want to be paying more than you should!Luckily we have the internet, which means there is a lot of information out there on how to best guard yourself against unfair prices. When it comes to buying a carâ€"and negotiating with salespeopleâ€"heres what you need to know.Do your research.There is endless research out there about your new dream car or your “just for now” car. If you find some options at a local dealership or online be sure to do your own research away from the lot to determine what’s best for you.U.S. News has some gre at options for checking out different types of cars as well as comparison tools.“Our new car rankings and used car rankings will show you the pros and cons of nearly every car, truck, SUV, and minivan on the market,” according to their latest car negotiation article. “You can use our comparison tool to see how they stack up against one another. You can see the best deals carmakers are offering on our new car deals, subsidized lease incentives, and used car deals pages.”You can also check out CarFax if you’re looking at a used car. CarFax can give you an insider’s perspective on the vehicle’s history including collisions.Jason Lancaster (a former car salesman and manager) via Forbes offers some great tried and true perspective as well that won’t steer you wrong even six years after publication: “If youre buying a new car, Edmunds and TrueCar provide ‘true market’ estimates that are reasonably accurate. If youre buying a used car, KBB is a great resource, as it w ill tell you both retail value and wholesale (aka trade-in) value.”When you’re negotiating a price, you want the upperhand. If you know the “true” value of the car beforehand you’re better equipped to get the best deal possible.Know your limit.This seems obvious, but it bears repeating. Know what your budget is and stick to it. If something is simply out of your price range, walk away. There comes a point when the price simply won’t go any lower and you shouldn’t push yourself past what you can afford.Lancaster’s advice for this is simple.“Tell the salesperson and sales manager that youll sign the paperwork the minute they hit your target figure,” he said at Forbes. “Politely decline any counter-offers, give them your phone number, and leave. If the price youve proposed is within the realm of possibility, theyll call you at some point.”U.S. News also suggests leaving a number to reach you and walking away if the price point doesn’t hit what you need it to. It’s a way to stop yourself from spending too much and also may help you get that deal you were hoping for.The Washington Post suggests offering counter offers in smaller increments than theirs. Instead of putting your offer up by $1,000 try $500.“One key factor in this decision is how well you know what you want,” advises Harvard Law School. “If you’ve picked out a car down to the very last option, then by all means let the Internet do the haggling for you.”Get your own outside financing.This was the case across many different negotiating lists and articles. If you get your own financing outside of the dealership you’ll likely have an optimal financing option.“Car dealers don’t make money just by selling cars,” warns Elisabeth Leamy at the Washington Post. “They make money selling financing. It’s another moving part that complicates your negotiation. That’s why it’s essential to get preapproved for a loan at a bank or credit union before you ever talk to a dealership. After you’ve negotiated a price for the vehicle, you can see whether the dealership’s financing is any better than your own.”By going in with a financing package in hand you have something to compare the dealership’s option to. That isn’t to say your package will always be better than what the dealership has to offer, but it gives you more freedom and another negotiating tactic.U.S. News goes so far as to say that “smart buyers” would never go near a dealership without considering outside financing first.“Without a pre-approved offer, the dealerships finance officer will have no incentive to try to find you a better deal on financing,” according to U.S. News. “Before you agree to any financing deal, make sure you know all of its termsâ€"not only the interest rate, but also the length of the loan, if it has prepayment penalties, and any fees that are charged by the lender.”Remember to be polite.Car shopping is stressful. But there is no need for b ig egos or unkindness between yourself and the salesperson. They are, after all, just doing their job. U.S. News reiterates the fact that purchasing a car is a business transaction. As emotional as things can get, it’s not worth having emotions get the better of you.“Politeness and professionalism should be the name of the game in all phases of the car buying process,” U.S. News advises.Being polite to the salesperson or manager is so vital, in fact, that it’s Lancaster’s final piece of advice in his list of 8 negotiation tactics. With a history of selling cars, Lancaster’s advice is worth taking because it’s coming from personal experience.“There are a lot of things that suck about working at a car dealership, not the least of which is being treated like crap by most of the people you deal with,” according to Lancaster. “While dealership employees learn how to ‘warm customers up’ â€"it usually only takes a minute or two to get a stranger to laugh and relax a littleâ€"its emotionally draining. Therefore, when someone starts dictating terms and making threats, most salespeople and sales managers will respond aggressively. Its human nature. Instead of finding a way to make a deal, youll be told to wait an hour because someone is ‘on the phone with Japan.’”To learn more about how you can save money, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:How to Save Money on Plane Tickets and Air TravelThe Broke Person’s Guide to Spring CleaningHow to Budget and Save Money When You’re Making Minimum Wage5 Great Tips to Save Money on Your Wifi BillDo you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  Instagram

Apology for Poetry Essay - 1900 Words

An â€Å"Apology for Poetry† is a compelling essay refuting the attack on poetry by Puritan and fundamentalist Stephen Gosson. This complex article written by Sir Phillip Sidney represents the decisive rebuttal defending poetry. His strong emotive passages defend the uncongenial comments of poetry from Gosson. Although, his justification for the rebuttal is alluded to Gosson’s durable attacks on poetry; it is known Gosson’s remarks prompt Sidney’s attitude to defend not only against Gosson but as well as Plato. Stephen Gosson’s Puritan credentials, disregards him as the primary source for submitting the essay. Sidney addresses the poetic contributions and principles demonstrated by Aristotle, Plato, and other European scholars. Plato’s†¦show more content†¦Sidney agrees with Plato’s doctrine that educational instruction is moral excellence and a capacity of universal knowledge which equips a mature virtuous man. To further the protection of poetry, he interprets Aristotle’s quote concerning the form of poetry as, â€Å"all virtues, vices and passions so in their own natural state laid out to the view that we seem not to hear of them but clearly to see through them (An Apology for Poetry 140). Nature provides its own natural resources for man to achieve universal knowledge; if man allows the aesthetics of nature to implement his mind, all virtues are achieved. Sidney acknowledges and makes frequent references of the essence to Plato’s â€Å"the beauty of virtue† (Samuel 387). Throughout the essay, Sidney validates Plato’s conception, †Å"Like the painter who portrays not Lucretia, whom he never saw, but the outward beauty of such a virtue, the form of goodness—which seen, they cannot but love† (Samuel 387). Plato’s profound theory on aesthetics is a significant pathway to poetry, because poetry is beautiful and man cannot help but to love moral excellence. Sidney upholds the truth and defense against the Socratic charges opposing poetry, â€Å"the poet, nothing affirmth, he therefore never lieth†. He delivers the expression that poetry is the truer ideal then other earthly being. â€Å"The defense of poetry as a mimetic art has already been made in the assertion that poetryShow MoreRelatedThe Defense of Poetry and An Apology for Poetry2888 Words   |  11 Pages Written in 1821, and published posthumously nineteen years later, Sidney’s essay, known as both The Defense of Poetry and An Apology For Poetry, stands as one of the most enduring writings on the merits of poetry and was highly influential upon the views of the period. Written, partially as a response to Stephen Gosson’s ‘School of Abuse’ and wider challenges to poetry, such as those of Plato. COULD SAY MORE SPECIFICALLY WHAT CHALLENGES HE IS RESPONDING TO HERE The essay operates underRead MoreAn Apology for Poetry by Sir Philip Sidney2943 Words   |  12 PagesRichard L. W. Clarke LITS2002 Notes 01 1 SIR PHILIP SIDNEY, AN APOLOGY FOR POETRY (1595) Sidney, Sir Philip. â€Å"An Apology for Poetry.† Critical Theory Since Plato. Ed. Hazard Adam s. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1971. 143-162. Sidney’s argum ent is divided into several sections and subsections. In order to m ake sense of this im m ensely long but im portant essay, you should read those sections m arked by an asterisk (*) below and in the order given: 1. From â€Å"Now then we go to the m ostRead More Literature and Virtue in Sidneys Apology for Poetry Essay1197 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature and Virtue in Sidneys Apology for Poetry      Ã‚  Ã‚   In An Apology for Poetry Sir Philip Sidney attempts to reassert the fundamental importance of literature to society in general as well as to other creative and intellectual endeavors. Though Sidneys work does provide a synthesis (and in some cases an aberration) of much Greek and Roman literary theory, his argument aspires to go beyond an esoteric academic debate. Literature can teach and delight in a manner which other methodsRead MoreSir Philip Sidney’s defence essay, â€Å"An apology for poetry,† refers to poetry â€Å"as an art of1900 Words   |  8 PagesSir Philip Sidney’s defence essay, â€Å"An apology for poetry,† refers to poetry â€Å"as an art of imitation [†¦] [that] speaks metaphorically† (Ferguson, Salter Stallworthy, 2005: 331). Sidney’s essay epitomises the pivitol importance and art of creating poetry. From the 1500’s to the 1660’s, England found itself a process of complete rebirth of all its important facets. Transformation in its social and cultural, as well as philosophical and religious approaches was evident. This transformational processRead MoreElizabeth Fuller And Anne Bradstreet1235 Words   |  5 Pagespunishment for her works becoming published was due to her brother-in-law, John Woodbridge, publishing them for her. He claimed that these works were done in her spare time, and listed off her redeemable qualities to make up for her taking on the hobby of poetry (Requa 3). By defending Bradstreet’s role as a good housewife and by emphasizing her devotion to religion, her reputation as a woman was protected (Henton, 305). This is an example of how she must earn a man’s consent before society would accept herRead MoreMargaret Ellen Lamb s Exploration Of Sidney s Defense Of Poesy922 Words   |  4 Pagesexploration of Sidney s Defense of Poesy notes early modern cultural anxieties around poetry s potential power to effeminise and infantilize. S idney challenges contemporary accusations against poetry, existing on concerns for the morality and virtuosity of its audiences. However Lamb supplies an additional stance regarding the masculine intellectual ideology of the Tudor education system. This suggests that poetry halts the indoctrination of young adult males into an emerging capitalistic EnglandRead MoreAristotle s Views Of Poetry Essay1671 Words   |  7 PagesSocratic moral philosophy is important in poetry because it engages poets in rational thinking when making poems. Poetry is mostly communicated through written texts; it can be used to expand one’s knowledge of himself or herself and the world. However, philosophers disparage poetry by its composition and senses such as imitation, representation, fiction, and expression. On this note, Socrates used philosophical explorations to criticize the role of poetry in the world. Many poets engage in imitationRead MoreThe On The Good Life Essay1363 Words   |  6 P agesideas, their concepts varied widely. This contrast of ideas can be examined through two major characters in two famous works: Aeneas in â€Å"The Aeneid† and Socrates in â€Å"The Apology†. Aeneas exemplifies the philosophy that the direct route to â€Å"the good life is through faith, trust in the Gods, and family, while Socrates in â€Å"The Apology† emphasizes free will, and vast knowledge of life. Aeneas shows great commitment to the Gods throughout his mission in â€Å"The Aeneid†. He believes this devotion and trustRead MoreLenses of Education 1051 Words   |  4 Pagestrial in the â€Å"Apology† and in â€Å"Meno.† One of the main factors discussed in both texts are the role of teachers in society and if Socrates is a teacher. Socrates also relates past stories or experiences when giving his dialogues. This allows him to explain his thoughts and reasons on certain topics. One final factor that plays a role in both the â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Meno† is the role of the gods through the dialogues. Teachers, stories, and the role of gods all play a key role in the â€Å"Apology† and â€Å"Meno†Read MoreWisdom And The Quality Of Being Wise1351 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneral knowledge we learn as a student or an employee. It also relates to our common sense we depend on to get us through our day, and even the desire we have about things we love to do. Socrates was a very wise man, and through Plato’s story â€Å"Apology†, I was able to learn a lot more about this man’s ability to teach and learn from the people around him. After all, he is a man who was on trial for â€Å"corrupting† the children’s minds even though he was really filling them with truthful and accurate

Hispanic Family Assesment Paper - 4076 Words

Abstract In this paper the theories of multigenerational family therapy and structural family therapy are applied to the Melendez family. Beginning with the biography of the Hispanic family, assessment of the strengths and vulnerabilities of the family, stage of the family life cycle, cultural elements that impact the family and explanation of the types and qualities of relationships depicted in the Melendez genogram and ecomap the foundation for therapeutic goals and interventions are set. Goals and interventions based on the multigenerational family therapy theory are theoretically applied with the goal of the family to recognize emotional patterns to decrease anxiety. The Structural Theory application will focus on the presenting†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"I know my mom and dad love each other but their marriage is not healthy and has not been for a long time.† â€Å"They don’t even sleep in the same room†. (personal communication, 08/03/2013). Selyna states she feels like her mother is depressed, but would never admit to it. Selyna and her sister Stephanie are very close to their mother. Selyna’s brother Sergio is gay which has caused the greatest conflict with his father and has resulted in a poor relationship with conflict and discord. Selyna states â€Å"When my brother came out it was the most stress I have ever seen my family endure it was very hard for all of us. I have never stopped loving my brother and was able to look past it, but my father never has and I don’t think he ever will† (personal communication, 08/03/2013). Selyna describes her relationship with her brother Sergio and her sister Stephanie as close and has depicted on the genogram as extremely close or fused. Selyna married Adrian Melendez on June 10, 1996. Adrian’s father is George Melendez and mother is Irene Melendez. George recently moved in with Selyna and her husband after Irene’s passing of breast cancer. George has some health problems in relation to his heart disease and Selyna and Adrian felt compelled that he lives with them. George is close to all of his four children. Adrian is the youngest of four children and has a close relationship with his father. Salina and Adrian have three childrenShow MoreRelatedJcpenney Industry Analysis17889 Words   |  72 PagesFeinstein Graduate School AN ANALYSIS OF JC PENNY’S AND HOW IT RELATES TO COMPETITION WITHIN THE RETAILING INDUSTRY A Paper Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MBA Degree Course: MGMT 6800 MAY 9th, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 COMPANY PROFILES 4 1. JC Penney 4 Strategy initiative 4 Mission†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 5 2.KOHL’S†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5

Water Crisis Free Essays

Every day, the sun rises, and each night the sun sets. Ripples of the ocean turn into waves, rolling in and back out into the vast sea. Trees grow, creating crisp air to replenish aching lungs, and life, both human and beast, continue on throughout time. We will write a custom essay sample on Water Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mankind knows that the sun will rise. People are dependent on the rising and setting of this huge, flaming star; but with pollution, littering, and soaking up all of the natural resources, the world will cease to turn. In that event, can anyone still depend on the sun to rise? Imagine a world in which there was a shortage of water. Although lakes, oceans, rivers, and bays are natural resources, they are not everlasting. This world would become dry and cracked. Trees wouldn’t be able to grow; therefor oxygen would become scarce and rare. Imagine this horrifying land where eventually, the world runs out of water. That is the world we live in today. The scary part is, not everyone knows about it. According to http://www. concernusa. org, a website dedicated to the current water crises, â€Å"A child dies every 15 seconds from diseases caused by a lack of safe water and sanitation. Every year 1. million children dye from preventable diseases such as diarrhea, cholera and typhoid. † As the author’s illustrated, all of these diseases are due to unclean water. Blue Gold: World Water Wars is an intellectual documentary about the sanitation of water. As stated in this film, â€Å"Today, one in eight people still do not have access to safe drinking water and more than half of the diseases in the wor ld are caused by unclean H2O. † The speaker claims that one out of every eight people will be diagnosed with a preventable disease because of the water crises. The video demonstrates that the cause of unsafe water is a direct result of humans mistreating natural resources. Oil spills, toxic fumes, and smoke billowing out of mills have contributed to infecting the sources of water. Richer nations such as the U. S use an insane amount of the world’s resources. For example, According to Flow, a documentary about abusing water, â€Å"Exploitation of natural resources like H20 -the majority of which is caused by wealthier nations-has caused an alarming devastation to the environment. The global water and sanitation crisis is mainly rooted in poverty, lack of education, and inequality, meaning the crisis is an issue of access. † This film conveys that poorer nations do not have adequate access to water. As a result, millions of women and children in developing countries walk several hours a day to collect water that is safe to drink, yet very often what they retrieve is still contaminated. In the United States, many people do not feel the urge to care or be concerned, because it does not directly harm them. Although sob stories from third world countries are tragedies, many citizens of rich nations do not feel the effects. If the world stays on its current path, it is only a matter of time before water as a whole runs out. When that time comes, everyone will embrace the end of days. There are ways in which people can help to save the planet. Over population, lack of hygiene, and no sanitation education all contribute to unclean water. A great way to begin rescuing the word’s water is to get educated about it. A huge part of the problem is that many people have no idea that the world has a limited supply of resources. Children who work to collect water for their families are sometimes denied an education, which, in turn, contributes to the cycle of poverty. www. concernusa. org). In developing countries, agriculture is by far the most important economic sector in the production of food. However, according to the UN, â€Å"an increasing number of regions are suffering from chronic water shortages. Severe, frequent droughts and limited water resources have a drastic impact on a population’s means of earning a living and producing food. † Access to clean drinking water is what enables a nation to thrive. For instance, according to Running Dry, â€Å"Human Development is more closely linked to access to water and sanitation than any other sector, including health, education, or access to energy. The author details that water is the gateway to human development, and the lack of water in third world countries is what is slowing down their production. The world needs to make a change. As individuals, people can take shorter showers, lessen the time they leave the garden hose running, or do dishes in a more efficient way. Corporations can agree to decrease pollution, and as a result the water can become clean again. Although this will take a long time to reverse the effects, the time to act is now. Because of water, whether it is a clear brook or a foamy ocean spray, life is able to exist. Trees grow, oxygen is plentiful, people are able to harvest food, and surviving goes from possible to likely. The world wasn’t meant to become dry and cracked. It needs water to thrive just like everyone else. If humans can limit their usage of water, then they can still depend on the spinning of the earth; and as time goes on, so will human existence. Sources Blue Gold: World Water Wars. 11/20/2011 Documentary www. concernusa. org. 11/15/2011. Website Flow 11/15/2011. Documentary Running Dry. 11/21/2011. Film/book How to cite Water Crisis, Essay examples

Los Angeles (LAs) City

Introduction Los Angeles is ranked second largest city in United States of America. It was founded by Chinese in 1781 and acquired city status in 1850. Los Angeles is home to a number of ethnicity groups; and a metropolitan city. The city covers an area of 3,041.3/km2 (The Official Web Site of The City of Los Angeles, 2010). This paper focuses on a population study of this city; it will look into birth rate, age distribution, population trends, death rates, immigration and emigration, population growth rate, and how these factors affect the society.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Los Angeles (LA’s) City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Population California Department of Finance estimated the population of the city in January 2009 at 4, 094,047. Conversely, the census conducted in 2000 held the population at 3,694,820. The same census recorded a total of 1,275,412 households. There were 798,719 p eople. The population density was 7,876.8 people per square mile. The population is composed of a number of tribes with white Americans being the majority with 46.9%; African American follows with 11.2%; Asians with 10.5% and other small tribes, which include Native American makes the remaining percentage. Females are the majority forming 50.2% while men form a population of 49.8%, the median age of the population standards at 31.7 %. The population from the above analysis is seen to be (mainly) young and thus there have been a decreased number of employment activities. The change in population stands at 4.6%. This is a rate that is supported by improved living conditions, medical development, and youthful population (Johnson, 2003). Migration and Emigration Migration and emigration may be both legal and illegal. Ministry of foreign affairs is the one that is responsible to administer issues affecting immigrating and emigration. Every country has a legal way that defines the process to be when a foreigner is entering or staying in the country. Illegal immigration is the violation of these procedures, rules and restrictions; it involves the movement of people across borders without legal permission of the destination country. In Los Angeles the population of work force is composed of 46% immigrants. Modern immigrants are mostly from African and Arabian countries. Illegal immigration has for a long period been a bother to both developed and developing countries. Illegal immigration is triggered by factors either in country of origin or country of destination. They have more negative effects to the country of destination than the positive contribution that they make. However, there are measures that can be put in place to reverse the trend (Anon, 2009).Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Death and Birth rate Birth rate is 15.1 in every 1000 people; this is a percentage of 1.51%. Death rate stands at 6.1 in every 1000; this translates to 0.61%. The increased birthrate is mostly brought about by young population and high levels of immigrants. Health facilities are highly improved and available and thus they have encouraged a better life improvement. The increased population of the city has resulted in various positive and negative effects. Positive Effects of Increased Population With the increased population there is a higher demand for goods and services that make locally brand internationally recognized. This has facilitated trade in the city. Tourism is a major source of revenue in the city and with increased influx of temporary immigrants as tourism; the country has experienced an increase in foreign revenue. High population is a local market that leads to development in the city. High population is a source of labor; high population leads to high supply of cheap labor. Cheap labor makes the production of goods and services to be low. This assists in manufacturing of low cost goods. Innovation is facilitated by an increased population. This is due to different interactions which might lead to a breakthrough in a certain issue. Negative Effects High population offers a strain in social services. The provision of social services is affected if a country is highly populated. There are some scarce resources and an increase in population only offers a strain to the existing amenities. These are in road and transport services provision, health factors, education, and recreational facilities. With an increased population there is an increased pollution. Pollution is when the economy is making efforts to feed the population. Social crime is on the rise in the city; this has been facilitated by the increased population. Crime calls for more social security which strains the government provision. Unemployment especially in today’s economic crisis that started in 2007 has increased. With high unemployment rat e the city’s amenities are strained. Unemployment in 2007 stood at 5.2% (Bachman, 2008). Conclusion Los Angeles is the second largest city in United States. The city is metropolitan where trade is facilitated through international participation and domestic trade. It gained city status in 1850. It is home to a number of ethnic communities. The city covers an area 3,041.3/km2. Unemployment stood at 5.2 in 2007. It has a well developed infrastructures and social amenities, which have resulted in increased population.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Los Angeles (LA’s) City specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Anon. (2009). Los Angeles, California, 2007. World Almanac Book of Facts, 332. Retrieved from Master FILE Premier database. Bachman, K. (2008). Los Angeles. Media Week, 18(9), 32. Retrieved from Master FILE Premier database. Johnson, J. (2003). â€Å"Los Angeles.† Dict ionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 5. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 151-155. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. The Official Web Site of the City of Los Angeles. (2010). Los Angeles Highlights. Retrieved from https://www.lacity.org/ This research paper on Los Angeles (LA’s) City was written and submitted by user Regan Vasquez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Essays

Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Essays Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Paper Effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care Paper In this assessment I am going to demonstrate an understanding of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care. I am also going to talk about the types of communication i.e. formal and informal and also what is good or bad communication. One-to-one communication When starting a conversation with someone you have never met before, you should first try to start a positive atmosphere with the right kind of feeling. It is also very important to create a positive emotional atmosphere so that the person can feel comfortable with you from the start so you can discuss complicated issues or give information. For example when I was working in the nursery I had to talk to the child that was crying because they didn’t want to leave they parents so I had a one to one conversation with him and I made sure that the child knew that I was happy with him and wanted him to come play with me and to stop crying by my facial expression and body language. I asked him a lot of open questions like ‘What did you do at the weekend? and How was you Christmas? He was talking back. He felt relaxed and happy which made him forget about his parents not being around. He was happy to speak to me and he felt like he was not alone. How a conversation could go Greeting or a warm up Conversation or information exchange Farewells or winding-down When you have got someone talking and relaxed you have created a good feeling. You can now start to talk about anything with them. Sometimes you can even start a personal conversation asking how their health and family are and talk about any problems they are going through. When the conversation is coming to a end you would want the person to want to talk to you again so you have to leave with the right kind of emotions. You could end it with a phrase like ‘see you soon’ which shows them that you enjoyed their company and would like to talk to them again and to also show that you value them. Group communication Group communication only works when everyone is involved. Some people are open but on the other hand some people are quiet and don’t like to talk so they feel threatened if their have to speak within a formal group of people so there might stay quiet because they are worried about people reactions, I was working in a youth club and I had to get the children talking about an activity the club wanted to do with them. It’s very important that everyone in the group feels included because that will bring the right atmosphere and my job was to hear what they wanted to do. The youths in the group often use humour or other friendly ways of behaving to create the right group feeling, this will encourages them to talk and get involved. Creating the right atmosphere involves ‘maintaining’ the group so this aspect of group communication is often called group maintenance. Group leader There are different type of groups sometimes you need a leader and other times you don’t, but the groups with the leader turn out to be more successful than those with out a leader. In meetings or classroom discussions you would find a leader or a chairman for example in the youth meeting I took with the youths I was the leader and because the discussion had a leader it was successful everyone new I was the leader as well so when I said you talk there talk and I made sure there was no trouble makers there. When talking or arguing with your friends you often don’t have a leader that’s why it’s often loud and get out of control. Having a leader is very useful because the leader can encourage people to say what they have to say and for people to speak one at a time. The leading also often encourages people to focus on a particular task within a group. See of signs and symbols In a working environment signs and symbols are everywhere because its one of the best way of communicating without saying anything instead putting a picture where everyone can see it. I am going to be talking about how effective signs and symbols are in a care setting environment. People from backgrounds ages and even race if you put a sign in front of them there would be able to tell you what the sign says. When I was working in a nursery there was a child who could not speak English so we had to teach her using signs and symbols. When we wanted to talk to her we used sign language and she could understand everything we were trying to say. In the nursery I was working in there was lots of signs everywhere because children like colours, signs and symbols these are normally in lots of different colours. There could be signs or a symbol for every word in for example This sign mean wash your hands after using the toilet. Sign language is used a lot even in a nursery because Written communication Written communication is the best way of remembering what you have been told for example when I started my work placement I was given an introduction package showing me where everything was and what the nursery was all about. I still use it even through I am working there. Written communication allows you to keep information for as long as you want. When we had staff meeting we would have a sheet that tell as what the meeting is about before the meeting start and the order the meeting is going to go. When something is written its also easier to understand when someone is saying it because you can read it as much times as you want where us if someone is saying it and you miss what there said you would have to ask to say it again and if you keep asking then the person will be angry with you. In class when we are set work the teacher will tell us to write down or take notes on what he is saying so that when we are doing it alone we would know what to write and how to do it. In the nursery I was working in I had to do an activity with the children so I done a written activity where there are going to learn how to write and spell there names it was very successful because there got to take it home and learn it even more and now there all know how to spell there names and write it. Language (first language, dialect, slang, jargon) When it comes to language and communication it goes to ways because sometimes when you want to communicate with someone you have to speak in a language where there can understand you. Because different localities, ethnic groups and cultures all have their own way of communicating with each other and if you’re not from that group you would not be able to understand what there saying. The fact that you can’t understand what there saying some people are threatened or exclude by the kind of language they encounter in these speech communities however just using formal language will not solve this problem for example jargon is when complicated words are been used because the person and the phone is not going to understand so the communication with you and the person will be broken. People from different geographical areas also use different ways of speaking to each other for example there are words that is used in south east London that are not used in north London for example strap in south means gun straly in north also means gun this is called slang. Slang is non-standard words that are understood by other members of a speech community but which cannot usually be found in a dictionary. When I was working in my nursery I child came from France and not speak a word of English so it was hard to communicate with her so we had to teach her English using her language and mixing it will English so that she can learn. There was another case where a child has an older brother and the older brother speaks slang and the child picked it up and could understand so when I speak to the child I would use slang and the child could understand me more than any other teacher. It is very hard to communicate with someone if don’t speak there language because you would have to keep repeating yourself. According to the author and psychologist Steven Pinker (1994) estimated that there maybe about 600 languages in the world that are spoken by more than 100,000 people he also believe that there are many more minority languages. Some people grow up in multilingual communities where they learn several languages from birth. Where us children in the UK have grown up to only use one language to think and communicate with which is English. The people who learn second language later on in life often find that they cannot communicate their thoughts as effectively as they might have done using their first language. The first language that people have learned to think in usually becomes their preferred language. Non-verbal communication (posture, facial expression, touch, silence, proximity, reflective listening) From the first time you meet someone you usually be able to tell how there are feeling for example if there angry, tried, happy, sad and even frightened even if there haven’t said anything. You can usually guess what a person feels by studying their non-verbal communication. Non-verbal means with out word. We send this message using our eyes, the tone of our voice, facial expression, our hands and arms, gestures with our hands and arms, the hands and arm the angle of our head, and the way we sit To tell people what you‘re thinking of or how you are feeling. When I was working in nursery from the first moment I walked in the room where the kids was I new their characters just my the way their was sitting to listen to the story for example some children were next to the teacher listen to teacher does was the children I thought are good students and a child was trying to talk to the other and he said no. So from that moment I could just see who troubles are and who are not. From the moment I walked in I new the children that was happy to see and the ones that are not just by their facial expression and when I said hi the voice of their voice in the reply. I was talking to a member of staff and this child came up to me and put his hands out and I picked him up I didn’t even have to say anything for the child he just felt happy with me. The use of British sign language The British sign language is used in the UK and it’s the first preferred language of some deaf people. The language involves movement of the hands, body, face and head. Thousands of people who aren’t deaf also use British sign language for example if a person is angry and someone is asking them a question they might answer with a head nod. As hearing relatives of deaf people, sign language interpreters or as a result of other contact with the British deaf community Use of sign Its not only people who have a disability .i.e. deaf or blind use signs and signed languages to communicate as many people who have perfect hearing frequently use non-verbal communication techniques when your out socializing with friends and even out home. We all use sign language in fact it is probably used more often than we realise as sometime you are unaware that you are using forms of sign language to communicate. Variation between cultures Culture variations can have a big effect on the way people communicate non-verbally. For example actions that are not seen as offensive in your home country may be seen very offended to foreign countries. That’s why communication with people from different cultures is especially challenging. Cultures provide people with different ways of thinking, seeing things, hearing, and interpreting the world.

Critical Essay

Critical Essay A critical essay is a kind of writing that requires its author to explore the strong and weak sides within a given subject. Many students mistakenly think that critical essay writing is a task where they need to criticize a given subject (novel, poem, piece of art etc). In the meantime, criticizing the subject is not entirely the purpose of this essay type. As a matter of fact, you can write a critical essay that entirely supports and praises the subject of analysis. But this is not the purpose of this essay either – the true  goal of the critical essay is an objective analysis of the subject and exposure of its strong and weak sides. What is a Critical Essay? A critical essay is a kind of writing that requires its author to explore the strong and weak sides within a given subject. This type of essay retains all the formal features of a classical 5 paragraph essay and consists of an introduction, several body paragraphs, and a conclusion. CRITICAL ANALYSIS WRITING The introduction should contain a thesis statement as well as catch the readers’ attention and provide some background on the problem. Body paragraphs expand ideas expressed in the introduction and provide more information to the reader on the writer’s stance. Finally, conclusion reiterates all the main ideas and shows how the introduction and the body paragraphs relate to the main topic of the essay. For a more detailed explanation of an essay structure, please see  this article. Why Is a  Critical Essay Called Critical? The critical essay has received its name because it requires its author to apply and demonstrate critical analysis while writing on a given topic. Critical analysis means that the author  needs not only to make a claim, but also to back it up with a judgment from a reputable source or, better, scientific research. Putting it differently, the essay is not a highlighting criticism, but rather emphasizing critical thinking and critical analysis in the paper. Educational Purpose Critical essay writing is one of the important prerequisites for writing research papers. These two kinds of assignments are highly similar because both require research and preparation. Both of them need to be objective and back up all claims with arguments from reliable sources. Furthermore, research papers require that a theory should be analyzed from all aspects, including strengths and weaknesses (which is exactly the purpose of the critical essay). Therefore critical essay writing can be viewed as ‘training grounds’ for writing bigger project like research papers and dissertations. CRITICAL LENS ESSAY The most critical differences in them are scope and sphere. Most typically, critical essays consist of 5 paragraphs, while a typical research paper often gets over 2 pages in length (10+ paragraphs). Another aspect to consider is that a critical essay is generally written on subjects like art, music, literature, while a research paper is written on a ‘hard-core’ research subject and requires a scholastic approach to writing, including language and formatting. Critical Essay vs. Argumentative Essay Both critical and argumentative essays are all about finding arguments to support a claim. Both of them take the basic essay format and structure. Both of them are objective and require linking to reputable sources to look more convincing. The core difference  between these essay types  is that they have difference objectives: the critical essay is expected to expose strengths and weaknesses of a paper, while the argumentative essay is meant to convince the opposition. Their core differences stem from their different purposes: critical essay highlights both sides of a problem (philosophically speaking, it uses the dialectic analysis), as it is meant to reveal the subject in its complexity; while the argumentative essay is looking for just ‘positive’ arguments, i.e. those that are meant to persuade the opposition. The Structure of the Critical Essay A well-formatted critical essay will succinctly state its thesis and then provide support for that thesis in a logical manner. It may be conceived of as a formal argument, with the conclusion stated early on in the paper as a thesis, and the evidence and logic that support the claim following the thesis. While the thesis and support are the two main components, the structure can be further broken down into five sections. In order, they are the following: an introduction a thesis a summary of relevant parts of the text being studied an argument that uses the text and supports the thesis a conclusion The purpose of the  introduction  is to immediately introduce the subject at hand. The introduction should be succinct and state only the necessary information: the text or work being studied the author or creator of the text or work in question the main idea All of this can often be stated in just one to three sentences, which provides room for including the thesis as the last sentence of the introduction. (The final sentence of the introduction is usually where the thesis is placed in any literary essay.) In just one sentence, a thesis should both define the scope of a paper and make an arguable claim. Following the thesis, its often wise to include a brief summary of the relevant parts of the text. The purpose of this summary is not to restate the text in a shorter form. Only pertinent passages or features should be included in this summary, as the primary aim of this section is to provide the evidence that will be used to form the argument in the rest of the critical essay. The argument will form the largest portion of the critical analysis, comprising at least several paragraphs. In longer papers, the argument will take up several pages, possibly even several chapters. Because a critical analysis is an objective study, the logical flow of the paper is of the utmost importance. To help readers of the essay follow the  argument, each paragraph should make a specific pointand only one pointthat advances the argument. Most paragraphs should start with a topic sentence and then have several sentences that support the topic sentence. In order to avoid extraneous details from clouding the logical flow, any paragraphs that do not directly support the thesis of the paper should be eliminated. Once the argument has been made, the paper should close with a brief  conclusion. There are several approaches to writing a conclusion. It may summarize the main points, explain how the thesis affects the reader, call the reader to an action or present a new question that the essay raises. Language and Tone Critical analysis essay requires the author to remain impartial and objective in the paper. The reader is not expected to see any of the personal beliefs of the author; if the author wants to make a claim, he or she is expected to make a reference to a reputable source. With the tone of the critical essay being objective, the use of first person pronouns (I, we, you etc) is discouraged, if not prohibited. Objective nature and tone of the critical essay can change depending on the audience (depending on the case, it can get lighter or even humorous). While writing a critical essay, it is best to use the claims and evidence approach. The author should be specific about the points that are being made about a novel, play, poem or essay. Again, all claims need to be backed up with facts that your audience finds credible and appropriate. Writing Always refer to the original requirements. If they have not been explicated, ask your instructor to provide more details on them. Make sure you fully understand the purpose of this assignment and the set requirements. It’s always a better idea to ask questions before starting the actual writing. This part is critical to the overall project success, so please do not ignore the initial instructions. This stage is called pre-writing, and can be compared to laying the foundation of a building. If it’s solid, the entire building will be strong and will last forever; if it’s shaky and unstable, it will ruin the entire undertaking. Once everything has been set and confirmed, proceed to the actual writing. Begin with the first draft and start a research in the background. Results of this research will then strengthen your argument and will make your critical essay effective. Once the backbone of your essay has been established, you can work on the wording. Ensure your essay flows and uses the language that is understandable to your target audience. In the end, run a spell checker to get rid of the typos and grammar mistakes. Finally, come back to read your paper again in a little while. If you like the final version and think you have expressed the ideas you were intending to express originally, you are ready to submit your paper! How Are Critical Essays Used Critical essays are widely used outside of the classroom, although they go by other names. Theyre used in all of the following: article and book reviews critiques of political speeches written academic debates literary studies Topic Ideas for Critical Essays Critical essays can examine almost any text, as long as they make an interesting claim about a pattern or problem within the text. Here are a few  examples of fruitful critical essay topics  from a variety of works: how the politics of a political candidate are expressed in a particular speech how symbolism functions in a book how a fictional characters dialect affects your interpretation of them how the perspective of a book influences the way its told how a particular work conforms to and differs from the standards of its genre what the meaning of a particular feature in a book is These general ideas are just a few ways you may approach your text. As long as your paper makes an arguable claim and supports it with examples from the work youre studying, youll have a good critical essay. – Expert in Critical Essay Writing   can boast extensive experience in critical essay writing. If you lack the research, language or writing skills, our expert writers are able to provide quality service and academic guidance.   If you are looking for some free samples, they are available for download free of charge. To view such an essay, simply go to our homepage and download the required sample from there. The downloaded file will give you a rough idea of  how to write  a critical essay. Alternatively, you can  entrust the writing process to the professionals  of critical essay writing, and the paper will be tailored to meet your needs. To order, contact live support via chat, phone or email or simply  visit our order page  to place your order – and we will be happy to assist you!

Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Relationship Management - Essay Example The intention of this study is relationship Management. It is about attracting, maintaining and enhancing the relationships between an organization and its customers. This marketing strategy came about as a result of the effects of low growth rate and deregulation which made it necessary for organization to determine how they could maintain their existing customer base instead of developing new ones. Relationship marketing involves using satisfied customers as a way for attracting n0ew customers. This means using the element of customer loyalty to gain strength in a new market, which calls for interaction between an organization and its customers, wherein it is necessary for both parties to share the same philosophy to successfully interact. The power of relationship marketing is seen in its unique feature of trying to establish a long-term and mutually beneficial relationship between an organization and its customer. In order to do this, relationship marketing focuses on gaining as much knowledge as possible on customer preferences and implementing these preferences into product and service design. â€Å"Relationship marketing is a long term orientation, all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing, and maintaining successful relational exchanges†. In we need to understand how relationship marketing can benefit an organization we need to see how different it is from transactional marketing.  

Mass media criticism - marxist analysis from ad Essay

Mass media criticism - marxist analysis from ad - Essay Example rly about the happiness and joy which surrounds the family and demonstrates the fact that being in McDonalds showers nothing but contentment and jubilation. Also shown in the ad is the fact that there is an interaction between the family and the guy sitting in the other booth. This interaction is rather a friendly one. as depicted by the huge smiles on the black guy and the father with his child. The Marxist theory emphasizes over the importance of social class, keeping in effect the ownership by the media and the response of the audience to the media text that is being brought forward. Talking about how the audience will react to the ad, there are certain point of views that can be emphasized. The major response of the audience will be positive. The ad depicts harmony and peace as well as joy and delight. Also, the audience will give an optimistic response to the ad because the ad emphasizes on a family-oriented nature and how it brings nothing but happiness all around. The audience might also react in different ways to the involvement of African- Americans in the ad and not white people. Some people might act in a negative manner however, others might have a positive response to having African Americans. 1970s was the time during which the African-Americans rose to greater heights than before. More visible than ever, African-Americans became a formidable presence in entertainment, politics, and science. This ad thus depicts the time of joy for the African-Americans. The text written at the bottom shows that McDonalds is a casual and comfortable place and invites the targeted audience by mentioning about the quick service and about the excellent quality food. talking further about the ad, it shows that how Macdonalds packages history and concrete memories to sell products that enlists its audience in the commoditization of memory and celebration of basic ideological values of U.S. society (i.e. patriotism, the continuity of history, family, consumption, etc.). The

Characteristics of the leadership process

Characteristics of the leadership process Stogdills definition has three key components. First, it defines leadership as an interpersonal process in which one individual seeks to shape and direct the behaviour of others. Second, it sets leadership in a social context. In which the members of a group to be influenced are subordinates or followers. Third, it establishes a criterion for effective leadership in goal achievement, which is one practical objective of leadership theory and research. Most definitions share these processual, contextual and evaluative components. Some key charachteristics of the leadership process Leadership is a process of influencing others primarily through the use of noncorecive influence techniques. This charachteristics distinguishes a leader from a dictator. Leadership influence is goal directed to attain defined group or organisational goals There are five approaches to the study of leadership: Trait spotting: attempts to identify the personality trait and other related attributes of the effective leader in order to facilitate the selection of leaders. Style counselling :attempts to characterize different leadership behaviour patterns to identify effective and ineffective leadership styles. In order to improve the training and development of leaders. Context fitting: contingency theories which argue that the effectiveness of particular leadership behaviours is dependent on the organisational and cultural setting, which can also facilitate leadership awareness and training. New leadership perspective approaches: which identify new leaders, superleaders and transformational leaders as heroic and inspirational visionaries who give purpose and direction to others, with an emphasis on senior executives and politicians whose motivational role is said to be central to organisational strategy and effectiveness. Dispersing the role: a recent perspective which notes that leadership behaviour is not confined to those with formal leadership roles but can be observed across the organisation hierarchy, and thus one aspect of the new superleadership role is to develop self -leadership skills in others. Any study of leadership would be incomplete without an understanding of the debate between leaders Vs managers Leadership versus management We first have to deal with one crucial question: what is the difference between leadership and management? Some commentators argue that these terms are synonymous, as leadership is simply one facet of the management role. Other commentators argue that this distinction is significant. Leaders and managers play different contributions: leaders have followers, managers have subordinates. Those who make a clear distinction portray the leader as someone who develops visions and drives new initiatives, and portray the manager as someone who monitors progress towards objectives to achieve order and reliability. The leader is prophet, catalyst and mover-shaker, focused on strategy. The manager is operator, technician and problem solver, concerned with the here -and- now of goal attainment. The key distinguishing feature here is orientation to change . As Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1985, p.21) observe, managers do things right, while leaders do the right thing. Leadership versus Management Creating an agenda Establishes direction: Plans and budgets vision of the future, develops strategies decides actions and timetables, for change to achieve goals allocates recourses E Leadership functions Management functions Developing people Aligning people: Organizing and staffing: communicates vision and strategy, decides structure and allocates staff, influences creation of terms which develops policies, procedures and accept validity of goals Monitoring Execution Motivating and inspiring: Controlling, problem solving: energizes people to overcome obstacle, monitors results against plan and satisfies human needs takes corrective actions Outcomes Produces positive and sometimes produces orders, consistency and dramatic changes Predictability Tutorial question Discuss: Modern day organisations need leaders or managers Please discuss and give relevant examples to justify your answer. Power: what is it, and how can I get more? Leadership is about influencing the behaviour of others. One cannot be a leader without followers. One key attribute of followers is that they must be willing to obey. Leadership is a property of the relationship between leader and follower. We need to know why people are willing to let themselves be influenced by some individuals and not by others. We thus need to understand the nature of compliance. Leadership and power Power is a useful concept with which to explain the social process of interpersonal influence. Power is a critical dimension of leadership, and the two terms are often used with the same or similar meanings: a leader is someone with power, powerful individuals are leaders. We can thus define power in much the same way that we have defined leadership-as the ability of an individual to control or influence others, or to get some-one else to do something that they would perhaps not do. There are different sources of power to name a few information power, affiliation power expert power, all these power bases are interrelated. The exercise of one power base may affect a leaders ability to use another. The leader who resorts to coercive power may for example lose referent power. The leader may be able to use legitimate power to enhance both referent and expert power. A leader can operate from multiple sources of power and few leaders may be able to rely on a single power base. Please see table: Sources of power p+ are positive sources of power p- are negative sources of power POWER BASE EXPLANATION PERCEIVED AS Reward remuneration, award, compliment, symbolic p+ gestures of praise Coercion physical or psychological injury, symbolic gestures of disdain, demotion, unwanted transfer, withholding resources p- Authority Management right to control, obligation of others p- to obey, playing the boss and abusing authority exercise of leadership in times of crisis or need p+ Referent identification based on personal characteristics, sometimes on perception of charisma; or reciprocal identification based on friendship, association, sharing information, common interests, values and preferences p+ Expert Possession of specialized knowledge valued by Others, used to help others, given freely when solicited. p+ Unsolicited expertise creates barriers; expertise Offered condescendingly is coercive; withholding expertise in times of need p- Information access to information that is not public knowledge, because of position or connections; can exist at all organizational levels; secretaries and personal assistants to executives often have information power, and can control information flows p- Affiliation borrowed from an authority source-executive Secretaries and assistants act as surrogates for their Superiors p+ acting on their own self-interest; using negative affiliation power by applying accounting and personal policies rigidly p- Group collective problem solving, conflict resolution, creative brainstorming; group resolution greater Than the individual contribution. p+ a few individual dominating the proceedings, groupthink p- Tutorial question Discuss : Which power base or which combination of power bases would you expect to be most effective for an organisation leader in current times? Five approaches to Leadership Research on leadership shows five main approaches in the study of leadership and that leadership theories have evolved gradually starting from the Trait spotting approach to New Leadership theories Trait spotting: the research for personality markers For the first four decades of the twentieth century, researches assumed that they could identify the personality traits of leaders It would then be possible to select individuals who possessed those traits and to promote them into leadership position. This search for the qualities of good leaders was influenced by great man theory, which claims that (predominantly male) leaders are born as such, and emerge to take power, regardless of the social, organisational or historical context. Great man theory is a historical perspective based on the premises that the fate of societies, and organizations, is in the hands of key, powerful, idiosyncratic (male) individuals who by force of personality reach positions of influence from which they can direct and dominate the lives of others. Typical list of qualities: Strong drive for responsibility; Focus on completing the task; Vigour and persistence in pursuit of goals; Venturesomeness and originality in problem solving; Drive to exercise initiative in social settings; Self-confidence; Sense of personal identity; Willingness to accept consequences of decisions and actions; Readiness to absorb interpersonal stress; Willingness to tolerate frustration and delay; Ability to influence the behaviour of others; Capacity to structure social systems to the purpose in hand. Rosemay Stewart (1963) cites a study in which American executives were asked to identify indispensable leadership qualities. They came up with the following fifteen traits: judgement initiative integrity foresight energy drive Human relations skill decisiveness Dependability emotional stability fairness ambition dedication objectivity Co-operation Limitations of the trait spotting theory It is difficult to challenge the list of qualities cited by either Stogdill or Stewart. Can we say that effective leaders should lack judgement, be low in energy, be undependable, lack drive, ambition, creativity and integrity and have little foresight? What happens when we compare Stewart with Stogdill? Both identify drive as a key trait. However, Stogdill lists venturesomeness, self-confidence, stress tolerance and system structuring as traits which Stewarts omits. Stewart identifies foresight, fairness, integrity, fairness and co-operation, which are missing from Stogdills list. Traits spotting presents several difficulties. First, there are more attributes here than personality traits. Second, these attributes are vague. Third, many of the items on these lists describe skills and behaviour patterns which have to be observed, rather than personality traits that can be assessed by questionnaires or interview: persistence in pursuit of goals, ability to influence others. It is difficult to see how trait spotting can be used effectively in leadership selection context, as originally intended. A further problem lies with the observation that one list of good leadership qualities is as good as another. Stogdills review revealed some overlap between research findings, but it is also revealed disagreement and inconsistency. This line of research has been unable to establish a consistent set of leadership traits of attributes. Leadership is about power and influence, the chemistry of which it is difficult to analyse in terms of personality traits. Style counselling: the search for effective behaviour patterns Disillusionment with the traits approach meant that leadership, management and supervisory style became a major focus for research. Attention switched from selecting leaders on personality traits to training and developing leaders in appropriate behaviour patterns. This research tradition argues that a considerate, participative, democratic and involving leadership style is more effective than an impersonal, autocratic and directive style. Two research projects, the Michigan and Ohio studies, in the 1940s and 1950s underpinned Employee- centred behaviour: focusing on relationships and employee needs; employee-centred behaviour: focusing on relationships and employee needs job-centred behaviour : focusing Consideration is a pattern of leadership behavior that demonstrates sensitivity to relationships and to the social needs of employees. Initiating structure is a pattern of leadership behavior that emphasizes performance of the work in hand and the achievement of product and service goals. Consistent with the Michigan studies, the Ohio results identified two categories of leadership behaviour, consideration and initiating structure. The considerate leader is needs- and the relationship- oriented. The leader who structures work for subordinates is task-oriented. The considerate leader is interested in and listens to subordinates, allows participation in decision making, is friendly and approachable, helps subordinates with personal problems and is prepared to support them if necessary. The leaders behaviour indicates genuine trust, respect, warmth and rapport. This enhances subordinates feeling of self-esteem and encourages the development of communications and relationships in a work group. The researches first called this leadership dimension social sensitivity. The leader initiating structure plans ahead, decides how thing are going to get done, structures tasks and assigns work, makes expectation clear, emphasizes deadlines and achievement, and expects subordinates to follow instructions. The leaders behaviour stresses production and the achievement of organisational goals. This type of behaviour can stimulate enthusiasm to achieve objectives as well as encouraging and helping subordinates to get the work done. This is the kind of emphasis that the scientific management school encouraged, except that here it is recognised that task orientation can have a positive motivating aspect. The researches first called this leadership dimension production emphasis. Consideration and structure are independent behaviour patterns and do not represent the extremes of a continuum. A leader can emphasize one or both. Job satisfaction is likely to be higher and grievances and labour turnover lower where the leader emphasizes consideration. Task performances, on the other hand, is likely to be higher where the leader emphasizes the initiation of structure. Inconsiderate leaders typically have subordinates who complain and who are more likely to leave the organisation, but can have comparatively productive work groups if they are high on initiating structure. Initiating structure High low High performance low performance High few grievances few grievances Low turnover low turnover Consideration Low High performance low performance Many grievances many grievances High turnover high turnover Figure 1 : The Ohio State leadership theory predictions The influential work of another University of Michigan researcher, Rensis Likert(1961), reinforced the benefits of considerate performance-oriented leadership. He found that supervisors in highly productive sections were more likely to: Receive general as opposed to close supervision from their superior; Give general as opposed to close supervision to their subordinates Enjoy their responsibility and authority; Spend more time on supervision; Be employee- rather than production-oriented Supervisors in sections where productivity was low were production-oriented and concentrated on keeping their subordinates busy on achieving targets on time. The effective supervisors were not just concerned with employee needs. They were seen as subordinates as emphasizing high performance and had a contagious enthusiasm for achieving goals. Likert and his team identified four main styles or systems of leadership: System 1: Exploitative autocratic, in which the leader Has no confidence and trust in subordinates; Imposes decisions, never delegates; Motivates by threat; Has little communication and team work. System 2: Benevolent authoritative, in which the leader Has superficial, condescending trust in subordinates; Imposes decisions, never delegates; Motivates by reward; Sometimes involves subordinates in solving problems. System 3: Participative, in which the leader Has some incomplete confidence and trust in subordinates; Listens to subordinates but controls decision making; Motivates by reward and some involvement; Uses ideas and opinions of subordinates constructively. System 4: Democratic, in which the leader Has complete confidence and trust in subordinates; Allows subordinates to make decisions for themselves; Motivates by reward for achieving goals set by participation; Shares ideas and opinion. Likerts research showed that effective supervisors were those who adopted either system 3 or system 4 leadership, what Likert called and alternative organisational lifestyle. Tutorial question: The style counselling leadership approach is extremely relevant in current times Discuss this statement. Context fitting: the development of contingency theories The Michigan and Ohio perspectives offer leaders one best way to handle followers, by adopting the high-consideration, high-structure ideal. This advice is supported by the fact that most people like their leaders to be considerate, even when they are performance- oriented as well. The main criticism of this perspective lies with the observation that one leadership style may not be effective in all circumstances. Departing from one best way, Robert Tannenbaum and Warren Schmidt (1958) presented the autocratic- democratic choice as a continuum, from boss centred leadership at one extreme to subordinate- centred leadership at the other. This is illustrated in figure 2 Subordinate-centred leadership Boss- centred leadership The contingency theory of leadership is a perspective which states that leaders to be effective must adapt their style in a manner consistent with aspects such as the work context, attributes of workers and the nature of the work to be done Use of authority by the manager Area of freedom for subordinates Manager Manager Manager Manager presents Manager presents Manager defines Manager permits makes decisions sells presents ideas tentative decision problem, gets limits; asks group subordinates to and announces it. Decisions. and invites subject to change. suggestion, makes to make decision. function within limits questions. Decision. defined bysuperior. The Tannenbaum-Schmidt continuum of leadership behavior The steps in this continuum are represented as alternatives for the leader; their article was subtitled should the manager be democratic or autocratic- or something in between? Tannenbaum and Schmidt argue that the answer depends on three sets of forces: Forces in the manager personality, values, preferences, beliefs about Employee participation, confidence in subordinates Forces in the subordinates need for independence, tolerance of ambiguity Knowledge of the problem, expectations of involvement Forces in the situation organizational norms, size and location of work Groups, effectiveness of teamworking, nature of The problem Having concentrated on forces in the manager, having challenged the notion of one best way, to lead, research now considered aspects of the context in which the leader was operating: the people being led, the nature of the work they were doing, and the wider organisational setting. This perspective suggests that leaders must be able to diagnose the context and be able to decide what behaviour will fit. As the best style is contingent on the situation, this approach is referred to as the contingency theory of leadership. Tutorial question Leadership research and theory seems to be consistent in arguing that a considerate, employee- cantered, participative and democratic style is more effective. What factors in an organisational context would make an inconsiderate, goal- centred, impersonal and autocratic leadership style more effective? Contingency theory of leadership contd Another influential contingency theory of leadership was developed by Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard (1988). They believe that leaders can alter their style to fit the context. Hersey and Blanchard call their approach situational leadership, summarised in fig 3, which describe leader behaviour on two dimensions. The first dimension (horizontal axis) concerns task behaviour, or the amount of direction a leader gives to subordinates. This can vary from specific instructions, at one extreme, to complete delegation, at the other. Hersey and Blanchard identify two intermediate positions, where leaders either facilitate subordinates decisions or take care to explain their own. Situational leadership is an approach to determining the most effective style of influencing, taking into accounts of direction and support the leader gives, the readiness and maturity of followers to perform a particular task. The second dimension (vertical axis) concerns supportive behaviour and the amount of social backup a leader gives to subordinates. This can vary from limited communication, at one extreme, to considerable listening, facilitating and supporting at the other. The model establishes four basic leadership styles, labelled S1 to S4 S1 Telling: High amounts of task behaviour, telling subordinates what to do, when to do it and how to do it, but with little leadership behaviour. S2 Selling: High amounts of both task behaviour and relationship behaviour. S3 Participating: Lots of relationship behaviour and support, but little direction of task behaviour. S4 Delegating: Not much task behaviour or relationship behaviour. Share ideas and Explain decisions and provide Facilitate decision making. Opportunity for clarification. PARTICIPATING S3 S2 SELLING DELAGATING TELLING Turn over responsibility Provide specific instructions For decisions and and closely supervise Implementation performance. S4 S1 (Supporting Behavior/Relationship Behavior R RELATIONSHIP BEHAVIOUR Low TASK BEHAVIOUR high (GUIDANCE) High Moderate low R4 R3 R2 R1 Able and willing or confident Follower Readiness Able but unwilling Or insecure Unable and unwilling Or insecure Unable but willing Or confident Follower directed leader directed Hersey and Blanchard also argue that the readiness of followers to perform a particular task is a key factor. This is explained by the lower portion of the figure in which follower readiness is drawn on a continuum, with insecure subordinates unwilling to act at one extreme to confident followers able and willing to perform at the other. Superimpose the readiness continuum on the top half of the model and you have a basis for selecting an effective leadership style. It is compelling and consistent with other theories to suggest that insecure subordinates need telling while willing and confident groups can be left to do the job. Tutorial question; Take an organisation of your choice and discuss the relevance and significance of the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership theory. Leadership in the twenty-first century Two related trends in leadership thinking are now evident: Recognition of the role of heroic, powerful, charismatic, visionary leader. Recognition of the role of information leadership, at all levels. These trends appear to be contradictory. We have the new leader, who is a rational figure motivating followers to superlative levels of achievement. However, we have also the super leader, who is able to lead other lead themselves .The super leader thus encourage, develops and co-exists with informal leadership dispersed throughout the organisation hierarchy. The new leader is an indispensable and inspirational visionary, a coach, a facilitator concerned with building a shared sense of purpose and mission, with creating a culture which ensures that everyone is aligned with the organisations goals and is skilled and empowered to go and achieve them. The super leader is a leader who is able to develop leadership capacity in other, developing and empowering them, reducing their dependence on formal leaders, stimulating their motivation, commitment and creativity. The new leadership theory originates from the work of McGregor Burns (1978), who distinguished between transactional and transformational leaders. The transactional leader is a leader who treats relationship with followers in terms of an exchange, giving followers what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. Transactional leaders see their relationship with formers in term of trade, swaps or bargains. Transformational leaders are characterised as individuals who inspire and motivates others to go beyond contract, to perform at unexpected levels. Although Burns saw these two types of leadership it was easy to see why some commentators equate transactional with management, and transformational with leadership. The transactional leader is a leader who treats relationship with followers in terms of an exchange, giving followers what they want in return for what the leader desires, following prescribed tasks to pursue established goals. The transformational leader is a leader who treats relationships with followers in terms of motivation and commitment , influencing and inspiring followers to give more than mechanical compliance and to improve organisational performance Transformational leadership occurs when leaders: Stimulates others to see what they are doing from new perspectives; Articulate the mission or vision of the organisation; Develop others to higher levels of ability; and Motivates others to put organisational interest before self-interest. They achieve this, according to Bass and Avolio, by using one or more of Idealised influence act as role models, attract admiration, respect and trust, put needs of others before personal interest, take risks and demonstrate high standards of ethical conduct Inspirational motivation motivate and inspire by providing meaning and challenge, arouse team spirit, show enthusiasm and optimism, communicate expectations, demonstrate commitment Intellectual stimulation question assumptions, reframe problems, approach old issues in new ways, encourage innovation and creativity, avoid public criticism of mistakes Individualised consideration attend to individual needs for growth and achievement, act as coach or mentor, create new learning opportunities, accept individual Differences, avoid close monitoring. The transformational leader is a leader who threats relationship with followers in terms of motivation and commitment, influencing and inspiring followers to give more than mechanical compliance and to improve organizational performance. It is tempting to regard the profusion of new terms and the shift in emphasis in leadership theory and research as a systematic development of earlier ideas. However, the identification of new, super, transformational leaders represent a simplification of the concept of leadership, returning to trait spotting (hunt the visionary) and overlooks what is known about the influences of a range of contextual factors on leadership effectiveness. Tutorial question Considering senior business and political leaders with whom you are familiar, either directly or through the media, which come closest to these definitions of new leader, super leader and transformational leader? The new, super, transformational leader looks like a one best way approach. Does this vindicate trait spotting and discredit contingency perspectives? Dispersing the leadership role In the distinction between leadership and management, orientation to change is a defining characteristic, a distinctive mark of the leader. These results suggest, therefore, that leadership is a widespread phenomenon. Leadership behaviours are dispersed rather than concentrated in the hands of formally appointed managers. Leadership functions are best carried out by people who have the interest, knowledge, skills and motivation to perform them effectively. This observation is reinforced by the development of self-managing autonomous teams, which often have no leaders, or have coach-facilitators whose role is to develop team skills. These coaching- facilitating are super leaders. Recognition of dispersed leadership does not imply a shift of focus away from formal, senior figures. It may be useful to separate notions of leadership from formal positions and prestige job titles. However, it is necessary to recognise that senior figures with prestige title continue to exercise leadership roles and functions as well. This twin-track approach, which combines recognition of visionary new leadership with the notion of a widely dispersed leadership decoupled from high office, is illustrated by Warren Bennis and Burt Nanus (1985). Their model of twenty-first century leadership (in which the new role of the leader is to be (leader of leaders) is summarised in table 4.

Identifying and defining problems Essay

Leaders are at the forefront of every organization. They are looked upon by their subordinates in initiating the plans and goals of the organization. In essence, leaders are the guiding light of every organization whenever the latter is experiencing financial and economic woes, turmoil within the organization or disruption in the organization’s work processes. A leader has the power to lift an organization out from the ashes of ruins and into the world of success. But with great power comes great responsibility, hence a leader should have, within him, the element of skill in identifying and defining problems. Whenever an organization, say a company or a corporation, loses its edge in competing in the market wherein it is situated, there is a need for it to innovate and change. Therefore, it is the leader’s duty to instill discipline among the employees, so as to push the whole organization into motion. Although â€Å"it’s difficult to put together a group with enough power to guide the effort or to convince key individuals to spend the time necessary to create and communicate a change vision†, (Kotter, p.36) a leader should have a sense of empathy with the organization’s employees, so as to let him be aware of what the whole organization is feeling about the whole effort of innovating and changing the organization. For problems to be identified and defined there is a need for the cooperation of both the managerial leaders and the rank and file employees. In undertaking a change within an organization, people often â€Å"underestimate the enormity of the task; the work requires great cooperation, initiative, and willingness to make sacrifices from many people. † (Kotter, p. 35) Empathy comes into play here. When the people within the organization know that there leader is to be trusted, they would not hesitate to cooperate in the leader’s efforts. Innovation and change will come eventually. The absence of a major visible crisis, low overall performance standards or a lack of sufficient performance feedback contribute to complacency which, in turn, contributes to laxity in doing the work processes below quality standards. Leaders should be adept at noticing or recognizing these sources of complacency so as to remove any hindrance to an organization’s effort to innovate and change. Add to this, as requirement for a leader, the skill of good listening; for through this, misinformation within the organization would be greatly decreased. It is said that opportunity is problem turned inside out; hence organizational problems often open many windows for innovation and change. The first step in managerial problem solving is problem and opportunity identification. Tushman and O’Reilly (2002, p. 40) said that just as physicians first focus on their patients presenting symptoms, managers must identify their organization’s critical problems. This done, they can then diagnose the causes of these problems and, in turn, take action to address them—while avoiding unexpected side effects. Similarly, once opportunities are identified, managers can analyze those aspects of the current organization that will get in the way of achieving the unit’s aspirations. With the authors’ idea in mind, a leader should know the actual assessment of the organization so that he can properly implement the right strategy to a particular unit in an organization. In doing this, a leader or â€Å"manager (and his or her team) needs to be clear about the strategy, objectives and vision of the unit. Such clarity is the bedrock of managing innovation and change. Only when strategy, objectives, and vision are defined can managers move on to an honest appraisal of the current performance of their organization. † (Tushman & O’Reilly, p. 41) After the mission and goals have been set and are clear in the minds of the unit members within the organization, efforts should be made in determining how the proposed strategies will fare considering the current performance of the organization. This will provide a situation wherein the management can gauge whether the mission and goals of the organization are realistic or not. As Tushman and O’Reilly have stated, organizational performance gaps are the differences between desired and real performance. These performance gaps can be termed as opportunity gaps. When we arrive at knowing these gaps, we would really be able to clearly formulate a clear and definite strategy to use in a particular situation. But strategies won’t materialize on their own; it needs painstaking efforts to be able to arrive at these strategies. What can a leader do about this? A good leader knows that he cannot steer the whole organization, especially if it is a big one, towards its goals on his own. He needs the help of all his subordinates. It is needed for the leader to encourage the management and the rank and file employees to join him in formulating and implementing these strategies for innovation and change to be realized. It is a fact that â€Å"creative thinkers tap into their imaginations by combining and recombining ideas or concepts to make new connections. Creative thinking is really about discovering new connections through the use of the imagination, diverse stimuli, and ‘creative-connections power tools’. † (Dundon, p. 42) In addition to these approaches for identifying and defining problems and opportunities for innovation and change in an organization, Dundon stated (2002, p. 64) that a preferred method for idea generation is having an â€Å"Innovation Group† which, because of its comprehensiveness and rigorous design, goes beyond the more common brainstorming method. This allows discussing and formulating ideas at a higher level within the group. Once these approaches have been taken, what a leader should do now is to carefully evaluate how the organization reacts to these implemented strategies so as for him to make necessary corrections when the need arises. ABSTRACT There are many approaches to identify and define problems that confront a particular organization. These problems would not be addressed and be made visible without the guidance or skill of a good leader. Hence, it is needed that a leader is knowledgeable of the processes of an organization, empathic and, best of all, a great innovator himself who believes in positive results that innovation and change bring to an organization. Sources: 1) Dundon, Elaine (2002). The Seeds of Innovation. New York, American Management Association 2) Kotter, John P. (1996). Leading Change. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press 3) Tushman, Michael L. , & O’Reilly, Charles A. (2002). Winning Through Innovation. Massachusetts, Harvard Business School Press.

Selecting Password Based On Computer Scientific And...

Choosing password based on computer scientific and psychological perspectives. Abstract Password security is important for the security of an information system. This article describes how to choose password that would match both requirements for the passwords such as the ease to remember and the hardness to guess based on two disciplines of computer science and psychology. Introduction For decades the password is known as the most common using type of authentication. It is explained as â€Å"word† which known to an user and a computer (Pfleeger et al, 2006). According to Pfleeger et al (2006) it might contain some information that the users provide or sometimes it can be chosen automatically by the system. It can be seen that choosing password is essential in terms of security and convenience for the users. However, it has some weaknesses such that it could be less secure and easy to guess. Interdisciplinary study is a combination of two or more academic disciplines into one research project and creating something new by crossing boundaries, and thinking across them (Repko, 2008). In this paper choosing password from two different perspectives such as Computer Science and Psychology in order to find more secure and less predictable password based on interdisciplinary thinking will be described. Interdisciplinary thinking Interdisciplinary thinking is defined as the answering complex questions, solving complex problems, and obtaining logical understanding of complexShow MoreRelatedQualitative Critique2521 Words   |  11 Pagesdetermine designs and methods used and to discover emergent themes across study. Most of the study reviewed was described as qualitative or phenomenological by design and included samples comprising of Australian females participants exclusively. 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