Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Shakespeare and Cultural Hegemony Essay - 1842 Words
Shakespeare and Masculine Hegemony The sociological notion that the hierarchy of society is habitually patriarchal, an idea formally named â€Å"masculine hegemony†1, is influenced by literature beginning as early as the Medieval times and remains unchallenged until the appearance of the works of William Shakespeare in the heat of the English Renaissance. Masculine hegemony as a concept arises from the prison writings of Marxist scholar Antonio Gramsci meanwhile he was imprisoned within a fascist jail in the 1920s.2 Creating a sexist doctrine that rules over early societies it filters itself into the pages of some of the most renowned historical pieces of literature. The Iliad by Homer, the Oresteia Trilogy by Aeschylus, the†¦show more content†¦This also establishes the text as being central to the formalization of misogyny. Perhaps the best place for reference on the establishment of paternal and maternal powers is the story of Genesis within the Old Testament. Looking back to the story of Genesis, Adam and Eve, we find the earliest implication of masculine hegemony. Eve is originally created from Adam’s rib, making her simply a later created part of him and not created simultaneously as his equal. Eve is further portrayed as naà ¯ve, unintelligent, and disobedient. She allows herself to be persuaded by the snake to consume the forbidden fruit, and then she passes it along to Adam utilizing ‘wicked persuasion’.7 Their mutual consumption of the apple from the Tree of Life is what damns all mankind by opening Adam and Eve’s eyes to their own nudity.8 God then places the pain of childbirth upon all women and the obligation of lifelong work upon all men. God explains Adam’s punishment beginning with these words â€Å"because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten of the tree†.9 This is the first mention of Eve’s voice or Adam listening to it; and God himself contributes realit y and its irrevocable pain to Eve’s carelessness. This further applies itself to the fault of women everywhere making Genesis a prime example of masculine hegemony. Another place within this early religious literature where we see degradation of women is in matters of reproduction.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days1515 Words  | 6 Pagesregarding the symbolic meanings of the John Henry symbolism. Journalism also happens to be a postmodern profession in the eyes of the narrator and protagonist. Questions related to what is real, and what is cultural mythos, are central to John Henry Days. Whitehead uses his protagonist as a cultural scout: someone who can show the reader the emptiness, alienation, and isolation that are at the heart of American society. Therefore, Whiteheads novel bears much in common with Arthur Millers play DeathRead MorePolitical Violence And Its Effects On The Nation Of Latin America Essay2066 Words  | 9 Pagesfundamental problems existing over legal equality and social hierarchy. The large non-white population was considered a problem as conservatism arose in favor of the traditional hierarchy. The main inferences and conclusions in this chapter are that Cultural debates were often framed by religion, with the conservatives favoring the official status of the church whereas the liberals wanted to separate from the church and state. This liberal system favored the progressive US and English role models whileRead More The Tempest Essay1765 Words  | 8 PagesShakespeares The Tempest is correlated with the first definition while Cesaires A Tempest associates more with the second one. Shakespeares The Tempest starts of with a storm and on a ship [A tempestuous noise of thunder and lightning heard] (Shakespeare 1667-69) while Cesaires begins with Caliban shouting, Uhuru! (Cesaire 1721) which means freedom. Those examples gives us the concept of the storm and an a uproar. The time period in which The Tempest was written is the age of exploration isRead MoreAnalysis Of Nervous Conditions 1494 Words  | 6 Pagesbenefit of the patriarchal society in the same manner the colonizer deploys the colonized for his own means. Traditional and cultural practices reinforce the power of men in African societies and are often embraced without any questioning. Tambu, is denied access to education because she is a girl. Tambu’s father’s refusal to further her education is influenced by cultural assumptions, which consider education to be a male preserve. Tambu’s proper place is presumed to be in the home, serving herRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography Of The New Historicism2440 Words  | 10 Pagesthe end of 1970s. It is one of the most important theories of literary criticism. It is different from the old historicism. New historicism stressed that the implementation of a comprehensive reading of texts from political power, ideology, cultural hegemony perspectives, formalism. Its research focuses on literature and life, literature and history, literature and power discourse. The New historicism breaks the kind of wordplay deconstruction strategy, making the recovery of historical consciousnes sRead MoreThe Tempest By William Shakespeare1920 Words  | 8 PagesTempest, by William Shakespeare, has been adapted numerous times, in various formats. In those various formats, there have been various interpretations of Prospero, from Prospero as a â€Å"reflection of Shakespeare’s own neurotic personality†, a very angry frustrated, repressed old man , a â€Å"admirable character, the torch bearer of civilization, who on the whole bear’s the stamp of authorial approval†, â€Å"a symbol of the arrogance of the British or European cultural and political hegemony†, or recentlyRead MoreCurriculum Implication2925 Words  | 12 PagesDegree Programs, 100% Scholarships available. www.MUSTUniversity.com/Scholarship CURRICULUM, PEDAGOGY AND EVALUATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SC amp; ST CHILDREN * Ramaiah Bheenaveni This section firstly examines curriculum as a mediator of dominance and hegemony, exploring ideological issues in the selection and structuring of knowledge and in pedagogic practice. Secondly we focus on the issue of representation of subaltern groups, culture and ideologies. The concept of curriculum is used here to designateRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words  | 22 PagesThe English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in Tuscany in the 14th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era, the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch. Renaissance literally meansRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words  | 12 PagesTwentieth century, a number of literary theories and approaches have taken birth in a quick succession. Mostly these approaches raise the question of meaning in a work of literature. Some focuses on lingual and rhetorical elements and others on socio-cultural context. Some imparts more importance to ‘reader’, and other consider as usual ‘author’ as a real originator and meaning producer. The ‘death of author and birth of reader’ is the subject of grand significance in the contemporary critical enquiryRead More The Oppression of Caliban in The Tempest Essay2573 Words  | 11 Pagesfrom similar constant abuse because he is of the lowest social rank in his community. Critic John W. Draper describes Calibans position in relation to the other characters when he says,                         Of all the characters in Shakespeare, Caliban is the                         most fully and repeatedly/ described, though not always                         consistently; and his bodily parts seem to show little/                         relation to his humor or his character
Monday, December 16, 2019
Bureaucracy and Max Weber Free Essays
string(99) " should create a better working scheme such as clear promotion route and good remuneration scheme\." CONTENT INTRODUCTION2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAX WEBER THEORY OF BUREAUCRACY2 CRITICS TOWARDS MAX WEBER’S THEORY5 ADVANTAGES OF MAX WEBER THEORIES6 CONCLUSION7 BIBLIOGRAPHY8 1. 0 Introduction According to Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter in their book titled Management, bureaucracy can be defined as a form of organisation characterised by division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy and Max Weber or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bureaucracy usually gives a negative meaning in life. When it comes to bureaucracy, automatically people would imagine things like red-tape, filled form with too many information and too detail, small problems become complicated because of the rule to be abided and others. Even though we normally equalize bureaucracy with inefficiency, but the truth is, it represents efficiency because the advantages are more than disadvantages. Bureaucracy also can be regarded as an effective way created in order to move to a big organization. The bigger and complicated a formal organization, the greater requirement needed to control and synchronize every member’s activities. The necessities can be fulfilled by bureaucracy, which is an authority structure operated under a rules and procedures. Max Weber defines organization as a social mechanism that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness in administration. 2. 0 Characteristics of Bureaucracy by Max Weber Weber’s focus on the trend of rationalization led him to concern himself with the operation and expansion of large-scale enterprises in both the public and private sectors of modern societies Bureaucracy can be considered to be a particular case of rationalization, or rationalization applied to uman organization. Bureaucratic coordination of human action, Weber believed, is the distinctive mark of modern social structures. In order to study these organizations, both historically and in contemporary society, Weber developed the characteristics of an ideal-type bureaucracy: 2. 0. 1 Written Rules of Conduct According to Weber, all decisions, rules and actions taken by the organization are formulated and recorded in writing. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organization’s policies and procedures. Cutajar, 2010) Weber stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with carefully developed rules and principles that can be learned and applied and that transactions and decisions must be recorded so that rules can he reviewed. Only with such rules and principles can the activities of hundreds of managers at different levels in the organization be predicted and coordinated. If we cannot predict what others will do, then we cannot count on them. 2. 0. 2 Hierarchy of Authority Hierarchical authority is required in bureaucracies so that highly trained experts can be properly used as managers. (Borgatti, 2002) The type of authority laid down by Weber rests on the belief of in the legality of formal rules and hierarchies, and in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy to posses authority and issues command. Authority is given to the officials based on their skills, position and authority placed formally in each position. For instance, officer graduated from universities is respected more than the officer with no qualification from universities. He will be given more authorities and issues command. 2. 0. 3 Hierarchical Structure According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. It was self-evident that coordinating the divisions of large organizations requires clear lines of authority organized in a hierarchy. That means there are clear levels of graded authority. All employees in the organization must know who their boss is, and each person should always respect the chain of command; that is, people should give orders only to their own subordinates and receive orders only through their own immediate superior In this way, the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibilities lie. 2. 0. 4 Division of Labour Division of labour or in other word, specialization of division, means each office has a defined sphere of competence. The tasks of the organization are divided into distinct functions given to separate offices. These functions are clearly specified so that the staff know exactly what is expected of them. Job-holders are given the authority necessary to carry out their roles. Weber’s idea of functional specialization applies both to persons within an organization and to relations between larger units or divisions of the organization. Stephen P. Borgatti in his article titled bureaucracy give an example of division of labour by Swift Co. In his article, within a Swift packing plant, work was broken down into many special tasks, and employees were assigned to one or a few such tasks, including the tasks involved in coordinating the work of others. So, Swift was separated into a number of divisions, each specializing in one of the tasks in the elaborate process of bringing meat from the ranch to the consumer. Weber argued that such specialization is essential to a rational bureaucracy and that the specific boundaries separating one functional division from another must be fixed by explicit rules, regulations, and procedures. Borgatti, 2002) 2. 0. 5 Impersonality of Relationship Impersonality means no hatred or passion with equality of treatment for all clients of the organization. It means, there must be no individual objectives are allowed. All people must follow the organization objectives. In other word, staff members are free of any external responsibilities and constraints so that they are able to attend to the ir duties in a fair and objective way. For example, work is separated from residence in order to separate personal duty and objective of the organization. 2. 0. Lifelong Career Commitment Weber stressed that employment in the organization should be seen as a career for officials. An official is a full-time employee, and anticipate a lifelong career. After an introduction period, the employee is given tenure, which protects the employee from arbitrary dismissal. The organization should create a better working scheme such as clear promotion route and good remuneration scheme. You read "Bureaucracy and Max Weber" in category "Papers" Max Weber viewed these bureaucratic elements as solutions to problems or defects within earlier and more traditional administrative systems. Likewise, he viewed these elements as parts of a total system, which, combined and instituted effectively, would increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the administrative structure. 3. 0 Critics toward Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy There are various critics from public administration philosophers toward bureaucracy theory generated by max Weber. 3. 0. 1 Rigid Rules and Uncreative Weber lined out that the characteristics of his theory on bureaucracy is on hierarchical authority structure. However, the consequences that the organization has to bear is the lost of ability to generate new ideas. There are problems among lower officers due to hierarchical structure. It is because, in hierarchy, order is given by upper officer to the lower officer. The lower officer accepts the instruction without an opportunity to give their own opinion or ideas. So, there were no generation of new ideas and no any check and balance happen. A good organization should involve employees in decision making. 3. 0. 2 Slow Decision Making Process Because of Weber’s theory stressed on hierarchical authority, the decision making process become ineffective. It slows down the process. The decision is all coming from the top management. So, it takes too long for the information to reach the employees. 3. 0. 3 Exploitation of Position and Power Weber’s theory of bureaucracy could lead to exploitation. His suggestion on the use of written rule of conduct can bring problems. A. W Gouldner (1954) noticed that the ‘govern according to rules’ culture in organization caused the consequences of members following the minimum possible rules in order to get by. So, in bureaucratic organization, employees who know to twist the rules would gradually or evidently be more powerful. In consequence, power will have a tendency to shift from a nominal leader of the organization, who did not know how to play by the rules, to employee who really did. 3. 0. 4 Work is not Challenging In bureaucratic theory suggested by Weber, a promotion system is not encouraged. He prefers to use a system based on seniority or qualification in department exams. It means, all the promotions are based on the period he has worked on the organization or the answers on the exam paper. Therefore, there is no earnestness in work because the promotion system is not based on efficiency. The duties also are the same everyday and can create boredom among the officers. 3. 0. 5 Nonresponsive The theories suggested by Weber did not reflect to changes. Reflection is in the term of attitude and speed of changes or adjustments with the changes. For example, when people deal with government agencies or department, bureaucracy cannot help to accelerate the process, meanwhile increase the burden they have to take. The people have to pass through many processes before their problems can be settled. 4. The Advantages of Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy Weber’s bureaucracy is based on logic and rationality which are supported by trained and qualified specialists. The element of a bureaucracy offers a stable and hierarchical model for an organization. 4. 0. 1 Prevent Misuse of Power Max Weber theories of bureaucracy prevent the misuse of power. It stressed the impersonality of relationship where the officers must distinguish the duties from personal matters. Often happen i n organization where officers use the facilities of the office for personal works. For example, an executive officer used to call his driver to fetch his daughter from school. This action cannot be legalised by the theory. This action shows how the officer used the facilities of the office for personal works. So, by applying the Max Weber theories, an officer can distinguish between the duties and personal matters. 4. 0. 2 Decision is rationalised Bureaucracy practises rational concept is where every decision is based on the objectives and criteria set by the public. Decision being made is not bias as it free from personal matters. It contributes in democracy through technical ability, not because of heritage of family relation in order to obtain certain position. 4. 0. 3 Clear and Written Records The characteristics of Max Weber bureaucracy lined up the need of written rules of conduct. It also stressed the documentation of any decision made. The advantage of this action is that it can be referred easily and any problems arise can be settled without rebuttal when there is a set of rules of conduct. 4. 0. 4 Specialization of Works Bureaucracy enables officers to know in depth on their tasks as the task is divided among them. The specialization also can decrease the burden of duties of the officer and can gradually increase their productivity. Besides that, it is easier for the management to choose among its officers whom are really capable to perform certain tasks. 4. 0. 5 Increase Efficiency and Effectiveness According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. Operations of the organizations are characterized by impersonal rules that explicitly state duties, responsibilities, standardized procedures and conduct of office holders. Offices are highly specialized. Appointments to these offices are made according to specialized qualifications rather than ascribed criteria. All of these ideal characteristics have one goal, to promote the efficient attainment of the organization’s goals. 5. 0 Conclusion Some have seriously misinterpreted Weber and have claimed that he liked bureaucracy, that he believed that bureaucracy was an â€Å"ideal†organization. Others have pronounced Weber â€Å"wrong†because bureaucracies do not live up to his list of â€Å"ideals. † Others have even claimed that Weber â€Å"invented†bureaucratic organization. But Weber described bureaucracy as an â€Å"ideal type†in order to more accurately describe their growth in power and scope in the modern world. The bureaucratic coordination of the action of large numbers of people has become the dominant structural feature of modern societies. It is only through this organizational device that large-scale planning and coordination, both for the modern state and the modern economy, become possible. The consequences of the growth in the power and scope of these organizations is vital to understanding our world. Bibliography Borgatti, S. P. (2002, April 02). analytictech. com. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Bureaucracy: http://www. analytictech. com/mb021/bureau. htm Cutajar, M. (2010, July 29). Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from suite101. com: http://www. suite101. com/content/max-weber-bureaucracy-theory-a267433 How to cite Bureaucracy and Max Weber, Papers
Sunday, December 8, 2019
The Attractive factors of Apple IPhone-Free-Samples-Myassignment
Question: Discuss about the Attractive factors of Aapple Iphone. Answer: Segments Market attractiveness criteria Size and Growth Structural Attractiveness Company Objective and Resources University or college Students The size and growth of Apple iphone for the university or college student is comparatively high. The college students prefer style and they want to follow the recent trend. Therefore, the company needs to increase their focus on the college students In order to increase the structural awareness of the product among the university students campaigns should be organized in the university campuses. The size of the phone should be big and the processor should be high. In order to improve the objective of the company and the resources for the university students the company must concentrate on the recent innovations that can be made as the students prefer change and they usually want to follow the trend (Eaton et al. 2015). Full time workers The full time workers does not have the financial capacity to purchase the product therefore, the company needs to concentrate on the promotion of the products among the full time workers to increase the growth (Dolata 2017). The full time workers prefer the trendy model as they cannot afford brand. Therefore, the structure of the phone for this class of people should consist of big screen and high resolution. The objective of the company for the full time workers should be to bring products of lower price so that they can afford. Business people The company must focus more on the business people. They want best quality and prefer brand therefore, the company must concentrate on the high range quality in order to increase the size of the market. The structure of the phone for this particular class of people should be the best. It should be more qualitative. The business people prefer brand and quality. The objective of the company for the businessman should be to bring high quality products as they prefer brand and quality. References Dolata, U., 2017.Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft: Market concentration-competition-innovation strategies(No. 2017-01). Stuttgarter Beitrge zur Organisations-und Innovationsforschung, SOI Discussion Paper. Eaton, B., Elaluf-Calderwood, S., Sorensen, C. and Yoo, Y., 2015. Distributed tuning of boundary resources: the case of Apple's iOS service system.Mis Quarterly,39(1), pp.217-243.
Saturday, November 30, 2019
Mapp Vs. Ohio Essays - Searches And Seizures, Evidence Law
Mapp vs. Ohio The Mapp Vs Ohio Supreme Court Case was a turning point in our nation's history. It changed our legal system by forming the exclusionary rule, which in turn changed the way prosecution of a criminal is performed. On May 23, 1957, three Cleveland police officers arrived at Dolly Mapp's home. They had reason to believe that paraphernalia and a fugitive of a recent bombing had been hiding out there. The officers asked if they could search the home without a search warrant, with the advice of her attorney she refused. Three hours later, four more police officers arrived to the scene. They knocked on the door but Ms. Mapp did not respond immediately. The officers then forcibly entered the home by knocking down the door and windows. Ms. Mapp demanded to see a warrant; but an officer showed her a blank piece of paper that he claimed to be a warrant. An aggravated with the situation, Ms. Mapp took the warrant and wiped her bosom with it. The officers arrested her an account she was "belliger ent" and "rude". While Ms. Mapp was in handcuffs, the police conducted an extremely though search of the house by breaking things and search through private drawers and desk. They found no evidence of a fugitive and of anything bomb related, however they did find some lewd, and lavacious reading materials that were illegal in Ohio. Ms. Mapp was ultimately convicted in the Supreme Court of Ohio on account of her possession of the pornography. The search was illegal according to a previous ruling in Wolf vs. Colorado; but Ms. Mapp appealed claiming it violated due process of law. In a 5-3 vote, Wolf vs. Colorado was overturned and the exclusionary rule of law was developed and determined to be applicable in all courts. In the process, it has greatly effected our legal system, and the way it is run. The justice had very important decision to make; to either protect the rights of the accused or convict criminals at all cost. The court concluded that protecting innocent people's rights i s far more important than convicting criminals. In 1949, the Court ruled in Wolf vs. Colorado, claming that the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment did not incorporate the 9th and 10th amendments. Suggesting that the due process did not protect non-specified rights or was due process permanently defined within the states. Therefore, according to this case, the state of Ohio was completely justified in convicting Ms. Mapp for her possession of pornography. Since privacy and security is not one of our basic, listed rights, due process does not have to apply to protecting these rights. And certainly since due process in not laid out in black and white, Ohio could rule and construct due process in any way they saw fit. The Supreme Court of Ohio did convict Ms. Mapp on her possession of pornography. However, she appealed to the United States Supreme Court in 1961, and the Court saw it necessary to review this issue and see what Wolf needed to be overruled. After reviewing the case, the Court ruled in favor of Ms. Mapp and the exclusionary rule was developed. This rule said that illegally seized evidence could not be used to convict a person in a court of law. The Court came about this reason for two key reasons: it did not coincide with the fourth and fourteenth amendments of the Constitution. Justice Clack made these ideas clear in his opinion when he said "The ignoble shortcut to conviction left open to the state tends to destroy the entire system of constitutional restraints on which the liberties of the people rest. Having once recognized that the right to privacy embodied in the Fourth amendment is enforceable against the States, and that the right to be secured against rude invasions of privacy by state officers, therefore, constitutional in origin, we can no longer permit that right to remain an empty promise. Because it is enforceable in the same manner and to like effects as other basic rights secured by the Due Process Clause , we can no longer permit it to be revocable at the whim of any police officer who, in the
Tuesday, November 26, 2019
buy custom ARC essay
buy custom ARC essay The American Red Cross (ARC), headquartered in Washington D.C, is a volunteer-run humanitarian organization that offers emergency aid, education, and disaster relief within the United States (Miller et al., 2009). ARC is a selected United States associate of the International Federation of Red Crescent and Red Cross Societies, and currently, besides offering domestic disaster relief, the organization also provides services like communication services, community services, educational programs on health, preparedness, and safety, the collection, processing, and circulation of blood, the development and global relief programs (Miller et al., 2009). The American Red Cross is administered by volunteers and sustained through numerous donations from the community and income from safety, health products, and training (Miller et al., 2009). One of the strategic issues of the American Red Cross is the precarious financial position of the organization (Henderson, 2012). ARC having been assistin g over $40,000 to $60,000 evacuees with a yearly budget of around $47,000 persons, which means that it is facing financial problems. A five-part strategy development process will be applicable to this strategic issue. The strategy development process will start with the identification of visions and alternatives deemed right for addressing the strategic issue (Bryson, 2004). After the identification, the group will then enumerate the barriers for attaining the visions. It is apparent that doing this will help the company deal with the issues strategically. Thirdly, the organization should prepare the main proposals that will enhance the attainment of the alternatives or the visions (Henderson, 2009). Afterward, the organization will need to determine the actions that it will need to implement the proposal in the next two to three years. Lastly, the organization will need to have a detailed work programme that takes into consideration the implementation actions of the next 6 to 12 months (Bryson, 2004). During this strategy formulation, the most helpful process guidelines include the identification of the visions and alternatives deemed right for addressing the strategic issue and for the preparation of proposals, which will greatly assist in the attainment of the same (American Red Cross, 2011). Buy custom ARC essay
Friday, November 22, 2019
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Admissions Data
University of Arkansas at Little Rock Admissions Data University of Arkansas at Little Rock Description: The University of Arkansas at Little Rock (UALR) is a public university made up of seven colleges: Business, Education, Engineering and Information Technology, Professional Studies, Science and Mathematics, Law, and Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Business is the most popular among undergraduates. The university has an open admission policy and a learning resource center to support students who may need help with college success skills. In athletics, the UALR Trojans are a non-football member of the NCAA Division I Sun Belt Conference. Admissions Data (2016): University of Arkansas - Little Rock Acceptance Rate: 90%Test Scores 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 420 / 560SAT Math: 470 / 540SAT Writing: - / -SAT comparison for Arkansas collegesSun Belt SAT comparison chartACT Composite: 19 / 25ACT English: 19 / 26ACT Math: 18 / 24What these ACT numbers meanACT comparison for Arkansas collegesSun Belt ACT comparison chart Enrollment (2015): Total Enrollment: 11,891 (9,575 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 40% Male / 60% Female51% Full-time Costs (2016 - 17): Tuition and Fees: $8,061 (in-state); $19,499 (out-of-state)Books: $1,715 (why so much?)Room and Board: $9,578Other Expenses: $3,804Total Cost: $23,158 (in-state); $34,596 (out-of-state) University of Arkansas at Little Rock Financial Aid (2015 - 16): Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 95%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 92%Loans: 57%Average Amount of AidGrants: $8,978Loans: $5,518 Academic Programs: Most Popular Majors: Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Construction Engineering Technology, Criminal Justice Studies, Early Childhood Education, English, Finance, Journalism, Marketing, Nursing, Psychology, Public Health Graduation, Retention and Transfer Rates: First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 68%Transfer Out Rate: 35%4-Year Graduation Rate: 12%6-Year Graduation Rate: 28% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs: Mens Sports: Basketball, Baseball, Golf, Track and Field, Cross CountryWomens Sports: Soccer, Volleyball, Swimming, Track and Field, Basketball, Cross Country, Golf Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like UALR, You May Also Like These Schools: University of Central Arkansas: ProfileArkansas Tech University: ProfileHendrix College: ProfileUniversity of Arkansas - Fort Smith: ProfileMississippi State University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphGrambling State University: ProfileHarding University: ProfileUniversity of Oklahoma: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphTennessee State University: ProfileUniversity of Memphis: ProfileUniversity of Tennessee: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT Graph University of Arkansas at Little Rock Mission Statement: mission statement from http://ualr.edu/about/index.php/home/history-and-mission/mission/ The mission of the University of Arkansas at Little Rock is to develop the intellect of students; to discover and disseminate knowledge; to serve and strengthen society by enhancing awareness in scientific, technical, and cultural arenas; and to promote humane sensitivities and understanding of interdependence. Within this broad mission are the responsibilities to use quality instruction to instill in students a lifelong desire to learn; to use knowledge in ways that will contribute to society; and to apply the resources and research skills of the University community to the service of the city, the state, the nation, and the world in ways that will benefit humanity.
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Musical Multimedia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Musical Multimedia - Research Paper Example This "Musical Multimedia" essay outlines and analyzes Madona's Material Girl music video. Representations of feminism and a combination of independence for women echo from Madonna’s song where she gained a place in the academic world. According to scholars, the singer emerged as a new voice in the post-modernist arena where composition was pegged on identities and images to reach out to an audience. The theorization of Madonna’s video equally demonstrates the role of the media in determining new perspectives while also influencing the traditions associated with musical harmonies. The incorporation of the aspects of love and money largely manifest a wider scheme in the performance of ballads while also connecting with varying models of multimedia. However, it is fundamental to acknowledge that songs and music videos have a disparity based on the message reflected to the listeners as compared to music videos as observed in Madonna’s Material Girl. There are three m odels that, according to Nicholas Cook, play an integral in defining the consistency of various forms of multimedia in the scheme of communications. The similarity test, for instance, takes into consideration the coherent and consistent metaphors that sometimes are identical to another. In using metaphorical expressions, Cook observes that varying emerging multimedia forms tend to communicate a message by associating meaning with the expected message as noted in Madonna’s song. This is complimented by the whirring sound found in the film production of Madonna’s song.... The similarity test, for instance, takes into consideration the coherent and consistent metaphors that sometimes are identical to another. In using metaphorical expressions, Cook observes that varying emerging multimedia forms tend to communicate a message by associating meaning with the expected message as noted in Madonna’s song. This is complimented by the whirring sound found in the film production of Madonna’s song that tells a story based on broken love and the essence of becoming rich to win women. According to Cook, the untraditional mode found in Material Girl espouses a new reception in the academic world whereby the song is connected to a love for money through the intertexual reference made in the creation of effect2. Elements of fragmentation and discontinuity are also apparent in post-modernist constructs whereby artists such as Madonna present visual imagery in recreating narrative models to suit a particular audience. This differs from the models that ba se their argument on coherence, consistence and similarity test. Additionally, the disintegration of the studio systems heralded numerous changes in Hollywood with emphasis on exhibition, creation and even distribution leading to the collapse of vintage film production. On that note, the songs and musical videos underwent a new revolution compounded by complicated technology that produced 3 dimension (3D) flicks for audiences with diverse beliefs and values. A difference also exists between a love story and romantic story in regards to the projection of identity and image. In a love story, for instance, imagery is critical during the representation of conventions that directly associated with
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Recorded Music Industry Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Recorded Music Industry - Assignment Example In so doing, it will make use of two strategic widely accepted strategic management techniques, namely PESTLE analyses and Porter's Five Forces Model. This report will end with the presentation of the identified industry's identified opportunities and threats. PESTLE Analysis stands for Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environmental which represents the important aspects affecting the operation and strategic direction of a business organisation and the whole industry. This strategic management tool gains wide acceptance among managers and industry analyst because it offers an extensive identification of the environmental factors that affects an industry. The past years have witnessed the rapid integration of economies into a global village due to the various political agreements. It should be noted that both geographical and political boundaries are disappearing with the creation of trade agreements, free trade zones, regional blocs, and economic zones. This rapid globalisation facilitates the influx of goods and services within geographic borders at lower tariffs, duties, and other trade boundaries. This is coupled with the free flow of capital especially in developing countries where foreign direct investments are warmly welcomed with financial and non-financial incentives. These policies which are instituted to promote globalisation have crucial implications for the global music industry. These enabled large music labels to penetrate profitable markets in other countries and allow the free flow of music formats such as CDs and MP3s from one location to another (Dolfsman 2000). 2.2. Economic One of the most significant developments in the global music industry is the rise of the former developing economies like China, India, and other Latin American countries. It should be noted that the rapid growth in these nations are strongly indicated by the rise in gross domestic product and per capita income. Currently, China is the fastest growing economy in the world, posting a GDP growth rate of 10.7% during 2006 (GDP Growth 2007). With this rapid growth, the Chinese economy is eyed by various business organisations as a profitable business venue. Economic growth also signals higher disposable income for customers which can further trigger and enhance spending in the consumer sector. 2.3. Social The internet technology has been warmly embraced by customers around the world. According to the latest data from InternetWorldStats.com, worldwide internet penetration is at 16% as of January 11, 2007. Asia accounts for the largest portion of this population with the large share increase from China. Usage growth has been escalating, posting a growth rate of 202.9% during the eight year period 2000-2007 (Internet Usage Statistics 2007). Similarly, the number of global mobile phone users is also in an uptrend. It is reported that the number of mobile phone subscribers have increased by 25% during 2004, 2005, and 2005. However, experts forecast that this trend in increments will slowly decelerate in 2007. According to iSuppli, mobile phone users will be growing at slower rates of 12.8% and 9.6% in 2007 and 2008,
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Baderman Island Family Vacations Essay Example for Free
Baderman Island Family Vacations Essay Baderman Island Family Vacations: Advertising, Creative, and Media Strategies Advertising not only works but is often unmatched in its capacity to reach major audiences, build brand awareness and personality, as well as stimulate curiosity and desire. But, more than ever, companies today [in this very competitive environment] need the right creative messages and media choices in an effort to break through the â€Å"noise†in order to get noticed, and therefore, remembered. This paper will outline Baderman Island’s Family Vacations advertising plan, further expanding on creative decisions and effective media strategies in an effort to increase market share. Baderman Island Family Vacations Analysis Family getaways are one of the top reasons that guests stay at Baderman Island, regardless of whether the stay is a seven day excursion or a weekend family reunion. With so many activities to choose from such as: boat rentals, water skiing, snorkeling, scuba diving, tennis, golf, five secluded beaches, Oasis Spa, and gallery touring there is truly something for everyone in the family to enjoy, not to mention all the activities on the island are appropriate for visitors of all ages. The many unique selling points of Baderman Island Family Vacations consist of the island being self contained, all-inclusive, hosting an array of restaurants, three different hotels, and unlimited activities to entertain and relax all guests. Currently, the marketing situation consists of a website that is an excellent tool for attracting guests and showing them all the perks of the island through pictures and blogs. The blog is a new advancement to the website, but should prove to attract positively more guests through the testimonials of previous visitors. Target Audience The target audience for Baderman Island is the typical â€Å"family vacationers†who are looking for a resort that offers a variety of activities without having to leave the premises. These families will consist of parents with at least one child. The target family will be the family who consists of two adults within the household with at â€Å"least†2-3 children to help maximize profits. All races, ethnicities and cultures are welcome. The target market will be an adult who enjoy warm weather vacations with family, spending quality time with each other enjoying activities and who have a love for the beach and fine art. The target audience will also consist of consumers who fall within the lower to middle class and above demographics searching for a family destination that does not require leaving the United States (U. S. ). Not all families can afford the cost of securing passports and expensive air travel to the Caribbean. Creative Strategies A creative strategy is important to the overall execution of an advertising campaign. Team C will use a â€Å"positioning†approach as its creative strategy. In this approach Baderman Island will be clearly defined as the number one â€Å"all inclusive†destination for family travel. Brand image approach will also be incorporated into the strategy. This will help consumers correlate the Baderman Island brand as a top notch, high quality destination. This approach will be accomplish by using an easy to remember slogan, such as â€Å"Baderman Island Family Vacations, the Finest Place to Reconnect,†as well as further using the ever popular slogan, â€Å"Relax, Enjoy, Indulge. †Increased emphasis will be placed on marketing the concept that Baderman Island is a unique destination specializing in family activities. This will enable Baderman Island to distinguish themselves from other competitive resorts in the marketplace. All creative advertisement associated with the resort will be colorful and eye catching; it will feature pictures that depict happy families vacationing and spending time together, further providing a visual of what family vacationing could be for the potential customer. On radio spots sound bites will be used of customer testimonials of how happy they were when they vacationed on the island. TV ads will also depict families enjoying themselves on the beach, playing golf, in the spa, visiting the museums and art galleries, and participating in the many sports activities offered on the island. The television ads will also highlight the many pricing plans and payment options where applicable. Positioning Statement Baderman Island’s positioning concept will explain that Baderman Island Family Vacations is for vacationers with families who are seeking a luxury resort â€Å"experience†to reenergize from their busy lives and reconnect with family and friends, and that Baderman Island Family Resorts is one of the most luxurious destinations in the world. The island offers four star accommodations that highlight a world-class spa featuring a full range of treatments designed around the resort’s natural springs, sophisticated purpose-designed meeting facilities, and an assortment of other amenities all delivered with a high level of personalized service (University of Phoenix, 2008). All of this is made available on this self-contained, all-inclusive resort island that is surrounded by the beautiful Kelsey River. Golfing, fishing, spa facilities, museum excursions and a beautiful beach are all available to vacationers of this island. Message Platform Baderman’s message platform is to develop Baderman’s brand and when potential guest see the logo, they will envision the beautiful crystal clear waters, which symbolizes peacefulness as well as relaxation. Presently, Baderman Island is expanding the brand on the 1,600 acres of land they own. 750 acres are operational. See map below. (University of Phoenix, 2008). In an effort to increase brand recognition Baderman Island will rely heavily on word-of-mouth marketing. The expectation will be that satisfied guest will continuously sell the brand for the resort while Baderman Island continues to make capital improvements. Once the Baderman Island’s guest vacation experience is over and they leave, the hope is that they will tell their friends about the wonderful experience during their stay. Word-of-mouth advertising is one of the most effective advertising vehicles when feedback is 100% positive. Baderman Island will strive to be the number one vacationing spot. Baderman Island will be well known for the following attributes: Owning an island, which exclusively promotes their brand, and having facilities that offer excellent customer service. Baderman Island makes a point of listening to guests who have enjoyed previous stays and will continue to develop innovative ideas that include customer feedback on how to improve future stays. Media Strategies and Objectives Print media is one of the most efficient ways to reach potential customers. For example, magazines are a medium that has a number of special-interest publications segments that can reach Baderman target audience (Wisconsin Department of Tourism, 2009). As a result, print ads, billboards, and brochures will be Baderman Island’s priority media vehicles of choice. Baderman Island will also use a number of advertising campaigns which will run a variation of television commercials, all emphasizing family fun. An additional strategy that Baderman will use in order to develop a relationship with potential guests is through the use of [developing] creative brochures which will assist with enticing guest towards booking a vacation on Baderman’s Island property. After all, they are inquiring about Baderman’s vacationing experience, so brochures will bring Baderman’s Island Vacations upfront and personal to future guest. Guests will be able to look at full color ads while reading a wealth of information regarding services, pricing plans, recreation packages, spa schedules and a host of activities used to keep children occupied during the day. The objective is to have future guest pick-up and carry brochures with them so they can view the material at their leisure and share it with family and friends. Baderman will capitalize on the idea that the brochure is portable which gives the upper hand rather then relying on guest to remember a 60 second commercial. Lastly, radio air time will also be explored as a media option. There are seven times as many radio stations as television stations in the U. S. (Wisconsin Department of Tourism, 2009) therefore; this is a medium that Baderman will seek to explore with the assistance of a limited-service agency. Strategy RationaleThe rationale behind the creative strategies and campaign message is to ensure that Baderman Island Vacations stands out over the competition. Creating the easy to remember message of â€Å"Baderman Island Family Vacations, the Finest Place to Reconnect,†will capture the image of Balderman Island at its fullest. In addition, using vibrant colors within ads and â€Å"real†people will not only be an eye catcher, but also illustrates the fun side of Balderman Island. Using photos of smiling and happy families doing fun activities together as part of advertisement features will say it all. Baderman Island will use similar stock photos in all advertisements. By placing the emphasis on â€Å"family†the brand image that Baderman Island will be known for will be something that both existing and potential customers will relate too. The resort will also seek to create a feeling of nostalgia where people who see the billboards, magazines, website, or hear radio advertisements will wish and want to experience what Baderman Island offers. An addition strategy will be to choose air time during busy traffic hours to advertise services. What better time to dream being somewhere else than when a person is stuck in a traffic jam. As a family resort, Baderman Island believes in getting and giving the best. As customers, Baderman personnel staff expects the best on both products and services from providers, and it is only right that the resort gives the same respect, treatment and consideration to their customers. Baderman Island stands on the priority objective of treating customers â€Å"just like family. †Supportive ResourcesAlthough many companies have opted towards using outside advertising agencies exclusively for assistance with creative ideas, Balderman Island prefers to do it themselves. Baderman Island’s in-house creative teams provide a range of services depending on the resorts needs and are familiar with the resorts rich history and many products and services. The in-house team is also better equipped to handle adhoc problems regarding advertisements within a timely manner. Keeping creative development in-house will provide the resort more control with lower risks of having proprietary confidential information leaking into the wrong hands, also keeping in mind that external agencies have other clients to assist. In addition to risk management, in-house creative resources for creative support make it easier to coordinate and have a more â€Å"personal†touch with the service versus an outside agency. In addition to in-house support Baderman Island will seek advice from limited-services agencies which specializes in one aspect of creative process; usually providing creative production work or the purchase of media space (Wisconsin Department of Tourism, 2008). A limited-services agency will be used in order to coordinate radio air time and in some instances magazine space. ConclusionAs stated earlier, Baderman Island Family Vacations is striving to continue to compete in a very competitive environment. With the consistent advertising message, â€Å"Baderman Island Family Vacations, the Finest Place to Reconnect,††¦ Baderman will further expand on that message by building upon a media strategy that emphasis family, fun, relationships, and value. Therefore, a media strategy that focuses on â€Å"awareness advertising,†where the attempts to build Baderman Island’s image and familiarity with the resort brand and excellent services will be their ticket towards marketing success. Baderman Island is confident that by using multi-media vehicles of print ads, billboards, brochures, television commercials, and radio spots their target audience will be effectively reached. Six months post campaign launch, Baderman will evaluate their advertising effectiveness through monitoring and post-evaluation tools and re-evaluate their marketing plan accordingly based on results.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
The Reality of War in John Knowles A Separate Peace Essay -- Separate
The Reality of War in John Knowles' A Separate Peace In his book A Separate Peace John Knowles communicates what war really is. He uses a number of complex characters in a very complicated plot in order to convey the harsh, sad, cruel, destructive forces of war. The Characters Gene and Finny are used as opposing forces in a struggle between that cold reality of war-that is World War II in this story-and a separate peace. A peace away from the real war and all of the terrible things that come with it. Through their relationship, that is a struggle on both sides from the beginning, Knowles establishes the reality of war in all of its essence. Gene Forrester is established as the force of reality which is the war. This idea is established clearly in a lengthy speech Gene gives as the narrator of the story in Chapter Three: Everyone has a moment in history which belongs particularly to him. It is the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him, and afterward when you say to this person "the world today" or "life" or "reality" he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it is fifty years past. The world, through his unleashed emotions, imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing moment forever. (32) This statement explains that Gene must have something that is his "stamp." This stamp appears to define an individual-exemplifying what he stands for. It is found that this is true in the next paragraph where Gene continues, "For me, this moment-four years is a moment in history-war the war. The war was and is reality for me. I still live and think in its atmosphere" (32). Later in the same paragraph he goes on to say: America is not, never has been, and never will be wha... ...ovels." Studies in Short Fiction (Newberry College), vol. 1, no. 2, Winter 1964, pp. 107-112. McDonald, James L. "The Novels of John Knowles." Arizona Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 4, Winter1967, pp. 335-342. Raven, Simon. "No Time for War." The Spectator, vol. 212, no. 6827, May 1, 1959. p. 630. Weber, Ronald. "Narrative Method in A Separate Peace." Studies in Short Fiction (Newberry College), vol. 3, no. 1, Fall 1965, pp. 63-72. Witherington, Paul. "A Separate Peace: A Study in Structural Ambiguity." English Journal (NCTE), vol. 54, no. 9, December 1965, pp. 795-800. Wolfe, Peter. "The Impact of Knowles's A Separate Peace." University of Missouri Review, vol. 36, no. 3, March 1970, pp. 189-198. "School Reports." Times Literary Supplement, no. 2983, May 1, 1959, p. 262. "The Leap." Time, vol. 75, no. 14, April 4, 1960, pp. 96, 98.
Monday, November 11, 2019
Practical Sports Coaching Essay
Introduction In this assignment I am going to identify, describe and analyse some of the main techniques of a successful coach, while considering how they could be used in both individual and team sports. Purpose of coaching Coaching is helping to develop a person through the improvement of their athletic performance. It involves the physical and psychological development of the person to take them beyond their present level. Successful coaching To be a successful coach you have to take some of the following into account: * Planning and organisation – If you want to get the best from a coaching session it is essential that you are well organised. Before starting coaching, a session plan should be made out. This allows us to run a session in a professional and organised manner. The session plan should get progressively more difficult, not suddenly jump from relatively simple to hard with no stages in between. * Communication – When coaching it should be remembered that younger children would require a lot more help and advice than older athletes will. So when coaching we should adjust are techniques accordingly to make sure whoever we are coaching understands clearly what they have to do. * Monitoring and evaluating – Performance of the athletes should be well monitored throughout all sessions, this way a coach can adjust his/ her session according to performance. It is important to keep progression at a tempo suitable to all the athletes in the group so nobody gets left behind and so everybody understands all the drills they do, so when putting it into a competitive situation they understand what to do. * Analysing and problem solving – During training a coach should not only analyse the group as a whole, but individuals. Some individuals will be able to perform drills more quickly than others. It is important that you make sure that the weaker individuals are given a bit of extra help. * Tactics – A coach will need to make sure that athletes use the skills they have developed at the right time. This will involve coaches creating role-play situations in training and letting athletes decide how best to handle the situation. * Sports science – As well as all this a coach must be aware of the role of sport science, many of the things associated with sport science are applicable to coaching. * Health and safety – A coach must ensure that they have taken every precaution possible to prevent an athlete suffering an injury. Psychological techniques Successful coaches have to have a good Psychological side to the game so that they no what is required and what they have to face in the future. They also have to not buckle under pressure and always be strong for the players and the team. If a player sees that their coach is finding it difficult, then they no that they are not doing the right job and their confidence level drops. A successful coach has to always try to take something good out of a game so that they can build on places were they went wrong and try and fix them. If they find something good in the game then the player’s confidence level gradually builds and they start to play better. They have to get the players into good habits and a routine for training. They have to have a good idea of what routine they are going to take the players for and be able to plan a good training programme. A successful coach also has to develop a mental toughness. They have to teach the players to work and play as part of a team and not to play for themselves. They have to be able to interact in a competitive environment. The coach must always bear in mind that sport is an area of life that people enter into in order to have fun and enjoy themselves. The coach must prepare teams and individuals to maximise their chances of winning, but they must not lose sight of the pleasure that sport can bring. This development of skills must always be practised in a safe environment and ensure the safety of participants and the coach. Physical techniques A successful coach has to try to kept the physical level of all of the players to a high standard so that then are able to last the full game. If they are not used to training very much and they go and play a full game then their muscles become over used because the body can not cope with the pressure that is being put upon it and it results in an injury. If the coach gets the players into a routine of training, then the players improve on places were they are lacking and try to improve their performance on the pitch and please the coach. It then relates back to the mental side because if the performance of the players is good and the players are happy then the coach is happy. Coaches have to aim to improve speed, strength, flexibility and endurance. To minimise the chances of any player getting injured, the coach has to strengthen and develop techniques to unable this to occur. They have to get the players into good habits and a routine for training. They have to have a good idea of what routine they are going to take the players for and be able to plan a good training programme. Personal skills of a coach There are many different styles of coaching, and most coaches nowadays have there own views on how things should be done. These are many different personalities and styles throughout the world. However the very best coaches always seem to have at least five things in common. * A professional approach – Modern coaches are now paying more attention to the small things that make all the difference. They also know that they have to conduct themselves in professional and appropriate manner, and always act in the best interests of the club or team. * They are good role models – Coaches must set a standard, which their athletes should aspire to. Their personal habits must be good and should be the example setter at the club. If athletes see that there coach is arriving late then they will consider this to be acceptable and do the same themselves. * Knowledge of the sport they are coaching – A coach needs to have a thorough understanding of the rules, techniques and tactical requirements of their chosen sport. This will make them a good role model for their players because if a coach is aware of all this it will be passed onto the athletes. It also shows that they will be able to understand the skills and will teach and evaluate the correctly. * Motivational skills – Coaches must be able to keep their athletes motivated if they want them perform at the highest level they possibly can. If a coach can keep them motivated it means players are more likely to recognise their full potential. * Communication skills – This includes not only what we say, but what we do as well. Coaches have to consider their body language as well as their verbal communication in creating the right type of atmosphere. Issues to be considered when coaching Coaches are in a position of responsibility to make sure nobody suffers injury so it is important that coaches understand the responsibility of what they are doing. They have a duty of care to everyone they coach. There are 10 legal duties a coach should fulfil: 1. Plan the session thoroughly 2. Ensure method of coaching is safe and correct 3. Ensure the environment is safe 4. Provide good, up to date equipment 5. Check all equipment is working before use 6. Make sure nobody is suffering from an injury before starting 7. Make sure athletes are adequately prepared and warmed up properly 8. Make sure athletes know the risks and how to minimise these 9. Once started make sure you supervise the session carefully 10. Be prepared for an emergency situation, and be able to provide emergency assistance. Insurance It may seem strange that insurance is considered important in effective coaching, but it is essential. Coaching should never be undertaken unless you know the proper insurance is in place. However insurance is complex so just having insurance is just not enough. You need to know the following things about the insurance: 1. What activities are covered? 2. Where am I covered to coach? 3. What events are covered? 4. How much loss am I insured for? 5. What equipment and property are covered? 6. Are there any special conditions that are excluded? 7. What should I do in the event of a claim? Child protection When coaching children it is essential that they be protected. Coaches are placed in a position of trust by parents, and these parents, and these parents have a right to know that a coach will not abuse his position. To be a good coach you must be responsible for the children’s welfare. Sports organisations are aware that some ‘shady’ people will use sport as a means to get access to children an abuse them in one way or another. Some positive steps have been taken to make sure children are safe: 1. In January 2001, a child protection in sport unit (CPSU) was set up. This is based at the training centre of the NSPCC and is funded by the training staff. 2. There are now laws that require that organisations have child protection procedures in place and that is supported by training their staff. 3. The Criminal Records Bureau now provides information about the suitability of a person to work with children 4. Sport England requires evidence that child protection procedures are in place before any sport can take place. Enjoyment For a coach to really successful they really have to enjoy what they are doing, they need to share the athlete’s dreams and help them achieve it. A coach will then be able to share in the success their athletes achieve. If a coach doesn’t enjoy what they are doing then there is really no point because athletes won’t gain anything from a coach who isn’t interested. Practical sports coaching Task 2 Feedback After taking the Millburn primary school children for a 15 minute warm up session before there soccer coaching I have decided to analyse my performance. When I first took control of the group they were loud and full of energy. I managed to get the group under control, which was very important to make sure no injuries occurred and the session stayed organised. I did a warm up drill which involved each child having a football, although this was a sport specific warm-up it was hard to maintain control. Some of the children were more capable of keeping the ball at their feet than others and this inevitably led to balls going astray. When I noticed this I got the group to stop and talk them through the drill again, this time getting them to walk through it an keep ball closer to them. Within the group we had a couple of quite talented boys who were keen to show the fact they were better than the rest and kept running with the ball, it was hard to instruct the other kids who were not so talented because concentrated too much on getting the others to slow down. Before the end of the session the children started to get bored and admittedly I did myself. I tried to introduce a different drill to try capturing the attention of the children again. This attempt failed badly, because I had not organised anything and then lost control until instructor took over and ended the session. Overall I don’t think it was a bad first attempt, with more confidence and better organisation it could have been better. I have also added my session plan for the warm up drill on next page. Coaching session plan Venue: Coleraine leisure centre Date of session: 04-12-04 Time 10:30 Duration: 15 mins Name of group: Millburn P.S Number of participants: 15 Equipment needed: 15 balls, cones, whistle. Warm up 15 minutes 1. Stop the ball 2. Sit on the ball 3. Double touch 4. Knee to ball 5. Change direction Give each child a ball and tell them to use whole area. Tell them what each of the commands are and issue them while they are running round hall with ball at their feet. . Summary: keep control of group and make sure the pacing is correct to avoid loss of control. Record all injuries no matter how minor. Practical sports coaching Task 3 Introduction For this assignment I have to analyse two performers, describe and explain what techniques and equipment could be used to improve their performance. For this assignment I have chosen to base my two performers on and 8-year-old girl and a 15-year-old Down syndrome child. For the 8 year old girl some of the equipment that might be required to help them get a feel for the game. You might use a lighter football and smaller football because it would be easier to pass the ball with a smaller and lighter ball. You might even make the ball pink to attract their attention better. If you use a lighter ball then it is easier for them to header it instead of throwing a hard ball for them to header because it will put them of playing football. You might play indoors because it help the ball move at a faster pace than if you were outside on the grass. When playing indoors bring the players closer to each other when passing the ball because then you make sure the ball reaches the other person and the ball doesn’t go all over the place and interrupt the other participants. For a 15-year-old Down syndrome child some of the equipment that might be used are, a bigger ball and play indoors. It would be better to play them indoors because it is a more compacted and relaxed space. You would be better to use a bigger ball like a beach ball for them to use. It would be better for them to use the bigger ball because they have bad co-ordination and bad balance and using a smaller ball would give them a better advantage of hitting the ball. You would also use a beach ball because it doesn’t bounce as much and that means it would be easier for them to control it.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Lawrence Kohlberg’s Research
It is true that the research of Lawrence Kohlberg was focused around the concept of moral reasoning, which also can be called moral development (Answer 1). Lawrence Kohlberg was a known American specialist in psychiatry, who was interested in problems of moral development: moral judgments and moral choices. He is famous for his long-term experiments with young children (some of them lasted more than 20 years), during which Kohlberg studied the development of moral judgments and moral choices of the children. As a result, in 1981the theory of moral development was created. According to the findings of the specialist, there are six stages of moral development, which can be grouped into three different levels: (1) pre-conventional morality, which includes two sub-stages: (a) punishment-obedience orientation, and (b) instrumental relativist orientation; (2) conventional morality, which includes two sub-stages: (a) good boy-good girl orientation, and (b) instrumental relativist orientation; and (3) post-conventional morality, which includes the following sub-stages: (a) social contract orientation, and (b) universal ethical principle orientation (Wong, 2000). Therefore, during the process of moral development, every individual gradually passes through all these six stages. At that Kohlberg was underlining that not every adult individual can reach the highest stage in his/her moral development. Besides, not every time real behavior of an individual was correspondent to the achieved stage of moral development. This theory was criticized and the opponents of Kohlberg’s scientific conclusions pointed on several drawbacks of this research. In particular, the fact that all the experiments were made with male children is considered to be a serious disadvantage. References Wong, A. S. (2000, September). Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Blessed to Be Blessing. Retrieved April 23, 2008, from: ;http://www.vtaide.com/blessing/Kohlberg.htm ;.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
The Colonial Names of African States
The Colonial Names of African States After decolonization, state boundaries in Africa remained remarkably stable, but the colonial names of African states often changed. Explore a list of current African countries according to their former colonial names, with explanations of border changes and amalgamations of territories. Why Were Boundaries Stable Following Decolonization? In 1963, during the era of independence, the Organization of African Union agreed to a policy of inviolable borders, which dictated that colonial-era boundaries were to be upheld, with one caveat. Due to the French policy of governing their colonies as large federated territories, several countries were created out of each of Frances former colonies, using the old territorial boundaries for the new country boundaries. There were Pan-Africanist efforts to create federated states, like the Federation of Mali, but these all failed.​ The Colonial Names of Present-Day African States Africa, 1914 Africa, 2015 Independent States Abyssinia Ethiopia Liberia Liberia British Colonies Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan, The Republic of the South Sudan Basutoland Lesotho Bechuanaland Botswana British East Africa Kenya, Uganda British Somaliland Somalia* The Gambia The Gambia Gold Coast Ghana Nigeria Nigeria Northern Rhodesia Zambia Nyasaland Malawi Sierra Leone Sierra Leone South Africa South Africa Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe Swaziland Swaziland French Colonies Algeria Algeria French Equatorial Africa Chad, Gabon, Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic French West Africa Benin, Guinea, Mali, Ivory Coast, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Burkina Faso French Somaliland Djibouti Madagascar Madagascar Morocco Morocco (see note) Tunisia Tunisia German Colonies Kamerun Cameroon German East Africa Tanzania, Rwanda, Burundi South West Africa Namibia Togoland Togo Belgian Colonies Belgian Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Portuguese Colonies Angola Angola Portuguese East Africa Mozambique Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau Italian Colonies Eritrea Eritrea Libya Libya Somalia Somalia (see note) Spanish Colonies Rio de Oro Western Sahara (disputed territory claimed by Morocco) Spanish Morocco Morocco (see note) Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea German Colonies After World War I, all of Germanys African colonies were taken away and made mandate territories by the League of Nations. This meant they were supposed to be prepared for independence by Allied powers, namely Britain, France, Belgium, and South Africa. German East Africa was divided between Britain and Belgium, with Belgium taking control over Rwanda and Burundi and Britain taking control of what was then called Tanganyika. After independence, Tanganyika united with Zanzibar and become Tanzania. German Kamerun was also larger than Cameroon is today, extending into what is today Nigeria, Chad, and the Central African Republic. Following World War I, most of German Kamerun went to France, but Britain also controlled the portion adjacent to Nigeria. At independence, the northern British Cameroons elected to join Nigeria, and the southern British Cameroons joined Cameroon. German South West Africa was controlled by South Africa until 1990. Somalia The country of Somalia is comprised of what were formerly Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland. Morroco Moroccos borders are still disputed. The country is made up primarily of two separate colonies, French Morocco and Spanish Morocco. Spanish Morocco lay on the northern coast, near the Straight of Gibralter, but Spain also had two separate territories (Rio de Oro and Saguia el-Hamra) just south of French Morocco. Spain merged these two colonies into Spanish Sahara in the 1920s, and in 1957 ceded much of what had been Saguia el-Hamra to Morocco. Morocco continued to claim the southern portion as well and in 1975 seized control of the territory. The United Nations recognizes the southern portion, often called Western Sahara, as a non-self-governing territory. The African Union recognizes it as the sovereign state Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR), but the SADR only controls a portion of the territory known as Western Sahara.
Monday, November 4, 2019
Academic Goals
It’s opening night of â€Å"17 Again†starring Zac Effron, who is every teenage girl’s dream boyfriend. Do I study for my big Spanish exam or go out with my friends to see Zac Effron? When I have a big choice involving my social life and my academic career, I pick the less appealing choice: stay home in the office and study. Freshman year my dad told something that will always stick with me: â€Å"high school goes by very fast. Enjoy it while it lasts. Before you know it, you will be applying for college, then jobs.†Don’t tell my dad, but he was right.High school went by so fast. I feel like yesterday I was losing sleep about what I was going to wear for the first day of freshman year.I have been involved in competitive ski racing for seven years. Being so competitive results in traveling and missing school, I have been very good with getting my homework in advance and getting it done on the car ride to Michigan, Colorado, or wherever the race take s me that weekend. My goal is to excel in school so I can be prepared for a job in the medical profession. In college, I hope to learn more about radiology and someday have a profession in the radiology field. Graduating from college would allow me to share my talents with the world and help people.Even though Zac Effron will never be my boyfriend, â€Å"17 Again†will come out on DVD. My future depends on my academic career. Whether it is my teenage boy fantasy or a weekend of ski racing, school comes first. I will always have my parents’ advice, love and support to thank for that.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Organizational Cultural Audit and Gap Analysis Essay - 2
Organizational Cultural Audit and Gap Analysis - Essay Example McDonald is among those giant companies which claim to be responsible for high ethical values but yet certain gaps may be identified. However, they believe in bilateral communications with stakeholders and remain pretty successful to cover these gaps. Nevertheless, certain gaps are frequently observed related to workplace conditions and animal wild welfare indeed. They, time to time, put enormous endeavors to create an environmentally friendly image in front of the entire stakeholders. The target approach reveals that they have to follow system growth avenues but it seems to be failed by the poor annual performance. One of the most important priorities of the company is to disguise the underlying gaps. McDonald’s is world’s most popular fast food retail chain. Its first outlet was inaugurated in 1955 in the United States. When it was started for the very first time, nobody could even imagine that this business would grow so fast that the number of chains will cross the figure of 30,000 within 50 years. The basic strategy of outlets is franchising but it is a little bit different in the UK. Around 30% of the outlets in the UK are company-owned while remaining is franchised traditionally. The new franchises being opened in the UK are franchised rather than being in company ownership. McDonald's is growing geographically by leaps and bounds. The food courts concepts have remained enough abundant for the company by opening the new sites in smaller towns, roadsides, amusement parks, river banks and sea side’s (Annual Report). The vision of the company is related to providing the most efficient services amongst all of the fast food retailers in the world. The QSC&V approach can be observed in the organizational culture. This stands for Quality, Services, Cleanliness, and Value. All these are expected to deliver in an exceptional way. They relate this to customer happiness by making them smile through unmatched services and value addition.
Thursday, October 31, 2019
Huffman Trucking Company Inc. Telephony Service Profiling Essay
Huffman Trucking Company Inc. Telephony Service Profiling - Essay Example To connect to an external number or to place an outside call a trunk access code is normally pressed like 0 for operator and overseas/ international calls, or 9 for local calls after which if given the tone you can dial your outside number directly. A department normally has 2 to 3 trunk lines based on call volume load and other specific criteria. Normal features includes forwarding, conferencing, call pick up groups, intercoms and transferring. In a telephone company, one has to pay separate for these features, but with PBX everything is already built in. A gateway is needed to communicate with others within the network. In some locations like MO in Saint Louis, New Jersey and Ohio office, they are already using an upgraded VOIP like a CISCO 10mb Hub. A Voice enabled talk switch model is used to integrate VOIP and handle the traditional telephone network. This uniquely connects your cell phones and any other telephones anywhere. They are remote extensions of this talk switch which connects your mobile and teleworkers. Limitation of the subscription is only for internal or within the company premises use. A switch of the least features afforded. We shall discuss this further in the recommendations later. The main idea is the opportunity cost we get from choosing PBX phone system over other regular phone system. With the estimates that it is 50% cheaper considering add on features, we can say PBX is already a good deal in terms of cost accounting measures. But choosing PBX of minimal cost and regular features may also cost more when it comes to consideration for the present connections and features upgrade especially if we talk of the present technology re PC based call integration applications. Disadvantages: There is a time delay incurred in routing calls from the central box to the trunk lines. Somehow if the customer knows the local number they aim to eliminate seconds of the delay by automatic elimination of an operator use. If we go on a recording voice first for the identification of local trunk lines, we tend to test the patience of our callers and of our best customers who would want trucking services that are literally fast movers in every sense of the word. Susceptibility to tapping is very liable when it comes to unguarded PBX installations. Disclosure of and unauthorized recording of information by eavesdropping from the central box and routing of address data made possible thru unauthorized access including data modifications. Emergency dial is not accessible. There is a big difference in using a PBX phone line than a regular phone line for it needs to be routed to the central box before it gets to access outside lines. II. Network Protocols A. Identifying Network Protocols On locations CA office and CA Plant, MO Plant, NJ Office, NJ Plant, OH Plant uses the TCP/IP protocols. For locations MO Office and OH Office uses both IPX/SPX and Apple-Talk. TCP means Transmission Control Protocol while IP means Internet Protocol. Nature of the application sends data in 8-bit data bytes to TCP. TCP then divides these bytes to smaller segments and pass thru IP to TCP module on the
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Hewlett Packard Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words
Hewlett Packard - Case Study Example The Business Strategy section of the report will discuss the leadership styles that the various CEOs of the company used, the need for change and its initiation, crisis management, etc. HP's competitive advantage, its growth and global business and any spinning off of divisions will also be analysed. In the second module of organisational identity, HP's core identity will be analysed from the time when Fiorina was the company's CEO, and the company's corporate image and culture will also be analysed. This report will also discuss the strategic options available to Mark Hurd, HP's new CEO. Finally, the company's organisational identity and business strategy will be linked to give an overview of the current situation, and some ideas and solutions will be proffered for the new CEO to implement to move the company forward. HP was formed by William (Bill) Hewlett and David (Dave) Packard, both graduates of Stanford University, in 1934. A garage in nearby Palo Alto was the originating point of the company where both founders used to hangout. Their partnership was formalized on January 1, 1939 and a coin toss decided that their electronics manufacturing enterprise be named the "Hewlett-Packard Company". HP incorporated on August 8, 1947, and went public on November 6, 1957. Of the many projects the founders worked on, their first financially successful product was a precision audio oscillator, the Model 200A. Later on their more successful inventions became the HP calculator and the computer. Products HP (www.hp.com) has a range of products that it offers to its customer base. Their three business groups drive industry leadership in core technology areas: The Personal Systems Group: business and consumer PCs, mobile computing devices and workstations The Imaging and Printing Group: inkjet, LaserJet and commercial printing, printing supplies, digital photography and entertainment The Technology Solutions Group: business products including storage and servers, managed services and software BUSINESS STRATEGY Corporate Level Strategy HP's products in its first thirty years consisted mainly of electronic test and measurement instruments for engineers and scientists. This early strategy evolved a bit when they expanded into computers, calculators, medical electronic equipment, instrumentation for chemical analysis, and solid-state components. Even so, HP's strategy was aimed at getting business through was still its test and measurement operations up through 1979. The research and development function was dominant in HP's operations because its main customers were the engineers and cutting edge technology was a prerequisite to beat the competition. Because HP engineers developed products to serve people like themselves, marketing was not valued and was relatively weak, as were logistics and distribution. This strategy reflected the no-nonsense approach of HP's founders. HP concentrated on modestly sized market segments where its technically superior products could achieve a strong position and command high margins. Changes in Business Strategy In a fast-paced computer industry, particularly for consumer-oriented products such as HP's PCs and printers, technical innovation could no longer be the sole source of competitive advantage. Speed to market, price, service,
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Linguistic Structure of the Unconscious by Lacan
Linguistic Structure of the Unconscious by Lacan Lacans View of the Linguistic Structure of the Unconscious and Implications for the Relevance of Psychoanalysis to the Social World Jacques Lacan has been called the most influential psychoanalyst since Freud. The impact of his work, both as a theory of the unconscious and as a repertoire of clinical practices, is reflected in the use of Lacanian methods by over half of psychoanalysts worldwide. Lacanian concepts and constructs also are thriving outside the consulting room, in the studies of literature and film, in feminist studies and legal studies, international relations and social policy. But what does psychoanalysis have to do with the social world? Historians, social and political scientists have contested a role for psychoanalysis in their respective social domains. There is fear that psychological reduction is inevitably results, lowering the objective social sphere to the subjective level of a culture on a couch. However, the theory and practice of psychoanalysis need not be atomistic. Freud regarded the study of institutions, languages, literature and art as a necessary prerequisite to successfully comprehending the analytic experience. Like Freud, and in his project of returning to Freud, Jacques Lacan studied and borrowed from a range of disparate fields, including philosophy, structuralist anthropology, literature, music, topography and semiology/linguistics. He agreed with Freudon the legitimacy of social analysis inspired from a psychoanalytic perspective. In A Theoretical Introduction to the Functions of Psychoanalysis in Criminology (1950), Lacan expresse d his position as follows: It may be well that since its experience is limited to the individual, psychoanalysis cannot claim to grasp the totality of any sociological object, or even the entirety of causes currently operating in our society. Even so, in its treatment of the individual, psychoanalysis has discovered relational tensions that appear to play a fundamental role in all societies, as if the discontent in civilization went so far as to reveal the very joint of nature to culture. If one makes the appropriate transformation, one can extend the formulas of psychoanalysis concerning this joint to certain human sciences that can utilize them (Stavrakakis, 1999, p. 3). Anthony Elliott (1992) cited Lacans ideas as establishing the principal terms of reference for thinking about the interconnections between the psyche and social field (p. 2). In this vein, Feher-Gurewich contended that Lacans psychoanalytic approach is founded on premises that are in sharp contrast to the ones which have led to the failure of an alliance between psychoanalysis and social theory (Stavrakakis, 1999, p. 14). One set of these premises is the topic of this discussion. The following is an attempt to explain Lacans claim that the unconscious is structured like a language and to discuss the bearing this claim has on the relevance of psychoanalysis to the social world. First, a brief overview of Lacans career, or project, may assist in supporting this analysis. Overview of Lacans Project Although many perceive his theoretical works as impenetrable or as an incoherent jumble, there are common threads throughout. Lacan consistently viewed his mission to be a return to Freud. The keynote for this return was his placement of language as the central construct in theory and in practice(Clement, 1983). The Mirror Stage Beginning in the late 1930s, after the publication of numerous case studies, Lacan began to focus on the emergence of the sense of self, the function of the I. He termed this emergence the Mirror Stage in the development of a childs sense of self during the first two years of life. Drawing upon revelations from his own psychoanalytic experience, together with the work of psychologists such as Henri Wallon, Charlotte BÃÆ' ¼hler, and Otto Rank, Lacan posited that the childs emergent sense of self is formed upon entry into language, the realm of the symbolic, and always in reference to some other. That other could be the childs own image in a mirror, the mother or any number of other objects with which the child associated self via Freuds mechanism of narcissistic identification. The mirror stage is the origin of a fundamental alienation or split in the individuals sense of self. The speaking subject (I) becomes de-centered from the ideal ego (me). Because self is oriented toward an other who is perceived as ideal/omnipotent, and thus as a potential rival to the self, the ego that emerges from this stage is characterized by a hostility that threatens its very existence. Lacan concluded that human identity is formed only within this intersubjective context in which alienation and aggressivity characterize the natural state. Rather than being the first step toward the formation of a healthy and stable ego, his proposal that mà ©connaissance, or misperception, is central to the ego formation flew in the face of a basic construct of ego psychology, that the ego is the origin and basis of psychic stability. In 1953, Lacan broke with the dominant faction of ego psychologists and formed his own professional group, the Socià ©tà © franaise de psychanalytique (SFP). The Discourse of Rome During the first meeting of this group, in Rome that year, Lacan presented a paper which quickly became known as the manifesto of the new society. He argued that speech and, more generally, language were central to psychoanalytic practice and to any theoretical conclusions that might be extrapolated from it. He drew upon and adapted the semiologic principles of Ferdinand de Saussure and the philosophical traditions of Hegel for his theoretical vocabulary. It is during this time that Lacans public focus shifted clearly from the developmental to the linguistic. Drawing from the language of music, he posited three registers of functioning, the symbolic, imaginary and real. The symbolic, a function of speech/language, was seen as central and in dynamic interaction with the imaginary. Lacans acerbic characterization of the ego as the seat of neuros is rather than the source of psychic integration and his emphasis on the symbolic organization of the human psyche opened new territory for psychoanalytic theory. Lacan credited Freud with the concept and blamed his ego-psychologist followers for obscuring the point. Meta-theory The charge that psychoanalysts had abandoned the founding texts of their profession exacerbated tensions between the ego psychology and the SFP until Lacan left the group in 1963 to form another organization, the École Freudienne de Paris (EFP). Lacan continued his close readings of Freuds texts, but he now began to introduce a number of terms and concepts not found in Freuds own work. By the time his selected essays appeared 1966, his seminars were standing-room-only. Many in the crowd associated him with structuralists such as Jacques Derrida, Claude Là ©vi-Strauss, and Michel Foucault. As with other members of this group, Lacan was often criticized for the difficulty of his style. Within the EFP itself, many of the practicing analysts were concerned about what they perceived as the increasingly theoretical and academic emphasis of Lacans work. During this stage of his career, Lacan began work toward a meta-theory of psychoanalysis, constructing ideas about Lacanian ideas. His construct of the three registers expanded to three-plus dimensions. He attempted to recast his earlier insights in the more precise language of mathematics, employing topological figures, such as the Klein bottle and Borromean knot, to illustrate and explore the relationship among his theoretical constructs. However, many of Lacans followers criticized this approach, complaining that his arguments were increasingly incomprehensible and irrelevant to clinical practice. Lacans response was the dissolution the EFP and the founding of yet another association, the École de la Cause Freudienne, which he directed until his death in 1981. The Structure of the Unconscious and Relevance to the Social World In the Introductory Lectures to Psychoanalysis, Freud commented that the unconscious can be compared to a language without a grammar (Laplanche Pontalis, 1983). Lacan, using structuralist linguistics, attempted to systematize this contention, arguing that the unconscious is structured like a language, and that it speaks/ ca parle. A symptom, Lacan claimed, may be read as an embodied metaphor. As Freud had argued, what is at stake within a symptom is a repressed desire objectionable to the consciously accepted self-conception and values of the subject. This desire, if it is to gain satisfaction at all, accordingly needs to be expressed indirectly. For example, a residual infantile desire to masturbate may find satisfaction indirectly in a compulsive ritual the subject feels compelled to repeat. Just as one might metaphorically describe ones love as a rose, Lacan argues, here we have a repressed desire being metaphorically expressed in some apparently dissimilar bodily activity. Equally, drawing on certain moments within Freuds papers On the Psychology of Love, Lacan argues that desire is structured as a metonymy. In metonymy, one designates a whole concept (e.g.: military force) by naming a component of it (e.g.: a sword). Lacans argument is that, equally, since castration denies subjects full access to their first loveobject (the mother), their choice of subsequent love objects is the choice of aseries of objects that each resemble in part the lost object. According to Lacan, the unconscious uses the multivalent resources of the natural language into which the subject has been inducted (what he calls the battery of the signifier) to give indirect vent to the desires that the subject cannot consciously avow. While Freud is interested in investigating how the polymorphously perverse child forms an unconscious and a superego, and becomes a civilized adult, Lacans focus is on how the infant develops the illusion commonly termed as a self. His essay on the Mirror Stage describes that process, showing how the infant forms an illusion of an ego, of a unified conscious self identified by the word I. For Lacans theory, the notion that the unconscious, which governs all factors of human existence, is structured like a language is central. Freuds account of the two main mechanisms of unconscious processes, condensation and displacement, reinforce this claim. Both are essentially linguistic phenomena; meaning is either condensed (in metaphor) or displaced (in metonymy). Lacan noted that Freuds dream analyses, and most of his analyses of the unconscious symbolism used by his patients, depend on word-play (e.g., puns, associations, etc.) that are chiefly verbal. According to Lacan, the contents of the unconscious are acutely aware of language and of the structure of language. Hence, the unconscious, structured like a language, serves to reveal a symptom of neurosis or psychosis through this medium. Lacan followed ideas laid out by Saussure, but adapted them to his use. He argued that Freud had understood the linguistic nature of human psychology but that he had simply lacked the Saussurean vocabulary necessary to articulate it. Saussure talked about the relationship between signifier and signified in the formation of a sign, and contended that language is structured by the negative relation among signs (i.e., the existence of a sign is dependent on its distinction from another sign). For Lacan, the contents of the unconscious form signifiers and these signifiers form a signifying chain. One signifier has meaning only if it is distinct from some other signifier. There are no signifieds in Lacans model; there is nothing to which a signifier ultimately refers. If there were, then the meaning of any particular signifier would be relatively stable; there would be a relation of signification between signifier and signified, and that relation would yield meaning. Lacan posited that re lations of signification do not exist in the unconscious; rather, there are only negative relations in which one signifier can exist only if it is distinct from another signifier. Because of this lack of signifieds, the chain of signifiers constantly slides and shifts in an endless series, like actors in search of a play. There is no anchor operating in the unconscious, nothing that ultimately gives meaning or stability to the system. The chain of signifiers is constantly in play, in Derridas sense; there is no point at which a definitive meaning can crystallize. Rather, one signifier only leads to another signifier, and never to a signified (Lacan, 1966). Lacan posited this as the nature of unconscious content: continually circulating chains of signifiers, with no anchor or center. This is Lacans linguistic translation of Freuds depiction of the unconscious as a chaotic realm of shifting drives and desires. While Freud attempted to bring those chaotic drives and desires into consciousness so they could be understood and made manageable, Lacan theorized that becoming an adult, a self, is the process of trying to halt the chain of signifiers so that stable meaning, including the meaning of I, becomes possible. According to Lacan, however, this possibility is an illusion, an image created by a misperception of the relation between body and self Even sexual identity is determined by the subjects relation to the signifier, not by some innate, biological predisposition. For Lacan, what Freud described as the oedipal phase is actually a moment in which the individual faces the option of accepting or rejecting the signifier in the place of the object or the imaginary other. Although Freud called this signifier the phallus, its primary characteristic is not its status as a biological organ that one may or may not possess. Rather, this primordial signifier possesses the fundamental property of being separable from the object it represents. Freud identified this possibility as castration, but Lacan claimed that it is simply the functional principle that enables the signifier to appear as such. Sexuality and, more generally, personal identity is thus not biologically determined but instead constructed through ones relation to the symbolic order. Most of Lacans work from this period traces the connections between specific properties of the signifier and their effects in human experience. He claimed that the entire structure of intersubjective relations is determined not by the individuals involved but by the way those individuals model on a moment of the signifying chain which traverses them. Because the signifier is autonomous from the signified, the link between them, ordinarily considered to constitute meaning, is an effect of the signifier itself and its relation to other signifiers in the signifying chain. Lacan described the way that illusory meaning comes about by referencing Roman Jakobsons distinction between two poles of language, metaphor and metonymy. Lacan contended that these functions account for the sense of meaning although there is a barrier between the signifier and the signified, or between the symbolic and the real. According to Lacan, meaning never consists in language, it insists in the chain of signifiers as one supplants the other metonymically. Language seems to mean in the usual sense due to displaced signifiers that function as the signified in Saussures model. Subsequent signifiers merely refer back to earlier ones, and it is this retrospective reference that sustains the effect of reference in the absence of a referent or an actual signified. Lacan described this effect as the creative spark of metaphor (Beneveuto Kennedy, 1986). It is, for Lacan, the seat of the subjective. Traditionally, subjectivity has been understood as a juncture of words with objects, situated on the bar between the signifier and the signified or the border between language and the world. That border, Lacan argued, is within the unconscious. Read through Saussures influence and Lacans emphasis on the autonomy of the signifier, Freuds discovery of the unconscious established an absence in the subjects relation to the object and to the self. This absence or lack, termed the other, can be thought of as the object of desire. Lacan contended that the concept of the unconscious reveals a subject constituted in relation to an Other it cannot know and oriented toward an object that it can never possess. As discussed in the Mirror Stage, this splitting is brought about by the subjects entry into the symbolic, supplanting the imaginary unity derived through identification with the other. That identification is replaced by a more complex relation to the symbolic Other. Introduced in the Discourse of Rome the Other designates a number of concepts for Lacan; e.g., death, the symbolic father, the role of the analyst, the unconscious. For Lacan, Freuds angry father becomes the Name-of-the-Father or the Law-of-the-Father. Submission to the rules of language itself; i.e., the Law of the Father, is required to enter into the Symbolic order. To become a speaking subject, you have to be subjected to, you have to obey, the laws and rules of language. Lacan designated the structure of language, and its rules, as specifically paternal, calling the rules of language the Law-of-the-Father in order to link the entry into the Symbolic, the structure of language, to Freuds notion of the oedipus and castration complexes. The Other is posited as the center of the system, that which governs the structures shape and the manner in which all the elements in the system can move and relate. The term Phallus also is used to designate the Other, emphasizing the patriarchal nature of the Symbolic order. The Phallus limits the play of elements and stabilizes the structure. It anchors the chains of signifiers with the result that signifiers can have stable meaning. Because the Phallus is the center of the Symbolic order, of language, that the term I designates the idea of the self. Lacan has referred to this anchoring effect as a point de capiton or quilting point ( Stavrakakis, 1999). This quilting point has particular significance for the useful application of Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to social domains. Without it, the practitioner is left with a postmodern concept of an endlessly fluid chain of signifiers, signifying nothing in terms of a relatively stable identity or meaning. For Lacan, the slipping chain is halted by the prominent role attributed to certain signifiers in fixing the meaning of whole chains of signifiers. Lacan described this effect as everything radiating out from and being organized around this signifier, similar to these little lines of force that an upholstery button forms on the surface of material. Its the point of convergence that enables everything that happens in this discourse to be situated retroactively and retrospectively (Stavrakakis, 1999, p. 60). This is the point with which all concrete analyses of discourse in the psychoanalytic and the social world must operate. Discussion Lacans great contribution to contemporary culture is his teaching about rhetorical performance and cognition, doing and knowing. The revolutionary dimension of Lacans pedagogy for Felman (1987) is the dialogism of the performative and constative, how in practice they undermine, deconstruct, and yet inform each other. The interactions of doing and undoing form the dynamic basis, Felman said, of psychoanalysiss ineradicable newness (12), its evergreen vitality and unceasing revolutionary nature. Building on this insight, Lacan has shown experience, largely unconscious, to be structured like a language, since human behavior manifests the dialectical interaction of conscious and unconscious experience, the double writing of that which is enacted beyond what can ever be known at any one moment. For example, Gallop (1987) pointed out that the psychoanalyst learns to listen not so much to her patients main point as to odd marginal moments, slips of the tongue, unintended disclosures. Freud formalized this psychoanalytic method, but Lacan has generalized it into a way of receiving all discourse (p. 23). Lacan was often and roundly criticized as a self-aggrandizing showman, a sloppy theoretician, an intentionally inscrutable speaker and author, a postmodern, post-structural want to be, and a polygamously perverse human. Many disciples justified his obtuse style of presenting ideas as an attempt to model his concepts within the instrument of his linguistic style. Others found his style to be sufficient reason for avoiding Lacans work altogether. In addition, his clinical practices, such as the abbreviated session, were frowned on by many traditionalists in the psychoanalytic community. However, Lacans linguistic approach to the unconscious serves as an important counter to the more-entrenched biological and neurological constructs. His synthesis of Freudian theory with Saussurean semiology generated new conceptual tools for critical research and reading in the social sphere. These tools allow a dynamic analysis of social process from the perspective of What is this doing? rather than What does this mean? References Beneveuto,B. Kennedy, R. (1986). The Works of Jacques Lacan. London: Free Association. Clement,C. (1983). The Lives and Legends of Jacque Lacan; A. Goldhammer(trans). New York: Columbia University Press. Elliott,A. (1992). Social Theory and Psychoanalysis in Transition. Oxford: Blackwell. Felman,S. (1987). Jacques Lacan and the Adventure of Insight: Psychoanalysis in Contemporary Culture. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Gallop,J. (1987). Reading Lacan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Lacan,J. (1966). Of structure as the inmixing of an otherness prerequisite to anysubject whatever. In R. Macksey E. Donato (eds), The Structuralist Controversy, Baltimore: John Hopkins, 1970. Laplanche,J. Pontalis, J.B. (1983). The Language of Psychoanalysis; D.Nicholson Smith (trans.). London: Hogarth. Stavrakakis,Y. (1999). Lacan and the Political. London: Routledge.
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