Tuesday, December 24, 2019
Shakespeare and Cultural Hegemony Essay - 1842 Words
Shakespeare and Masculine Hegemony The sociological notion that the hierarchy of society is habitually patriarchal, an idea formally named â€Å"masculine hegemony†1, is influenced by literature beginning as early as the Medieval times and remains unchallenged until the appearance of the works of William Shakespeare in the heat of the English Renaissance. Masculine hegemony as a concept arises from the prison writings of Marxist scholar Antonio Gramsci meanwhile he was imprisoned within a fascist jail in the 1920s.2 Creating a sexist doctrine that rules over early societies it filters itself into the pages of some of the most renowned historical pieces of literature. The Iliad by Homer, the Oresteia Trilogy by Aeschylus, the†¦show more content†¦This also establishes the text as being central to the formalization of misogyny. Perhaps the best place for reference on the establishment of paternal and maternal powers is the story of Genesis within the Old Testament. Looking back to the story of Genesis, Adam and Eve, we find the earliest implication of masculine hegemony. Eve is originally created from Adam’s rib, making her simply a later created part of him and not created simultaneously as his equal. Eve is further portrayed as naà ¯ve, unintelligent, and disobedient. She allows herself to be persuaded by the snake to consume the forbidden fruit, and then she passes it along to Adam utilizing ‘wicked persuasion’.7 Their mutual consumption of the apple from the Tree of Life is what damns all mankind by opening Adam and Eve’s eyes to their own nudity.8 God then places the pain of childbirth upon all women and the obligation of lifelong work upon all men. God explains Adam’s punishment beginning with these words â€Å"because you have listened to the voice of your wife and have eaten of the tree†.9 This is the first mention of Eve’s voice or Adam listening to it; and God himself contributes realit y and its irrevocable pain to Eve’s carelessness. This further applies itself to the fault of women everywhere making Genesis a prime example of masculine hegemony. Another place within this early religious literature where we see degradation of women is in matters of reproduction.Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Colson Whiteheads John Henry Days1515 Words  | 6 Pagesregarding the symbolic meanings of the John Henry symbolism. Journalism also happens to be a postmodern profession in the eyes of the narrator and protagonist. Questions related to what is real, and what is cultural mythos, are central to John Henry Days. Whitehead uses his protagonist as a cultural scout: someone who can show the reader the emptiness, alienation, and isolation that are at the heart of American society. Therefore, Whiteheads novel bears much in common with Arthur Millers play DeathRead MorePolitical Violence And Its Effects On The Nation Of Latin America Essay2066 Words  | 9 Pagesfundamental problems existing over legal equality and social hierarchy. 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In those various formats, there have been various interpretations of Prospero, from Prospero as a â€Å"reflection of Shakespeare’s own neurotic personality†, a very angry frustrated, repressed old man , a â€Å"admirable character, the torch bearer of civilization, who on the whole bear’s the stamp of authorial approval†, â€Å"a symbol of the arrogance of the British or European cultural and political hegemony†, or recentlyRead MoreCurriculum Implication2925 Words  | 12 PagesDegree Programs, 100% Scholarships available. www.MUSTUniversity.com/Scholarship CURRICULUM, PEDAGOGY AND EVALUATION: IMPLICATIONS FOR SC amp; ST CHILDREN * Ramaiah Bheenaveni This section firstly examines curriculum as a mediator of dominance and hegemony, exploring ideological issues in the selection and structuring of knowledge and in pedagogic practice. Secondly we focus on the issue of representation of subaltern groups, culture and ideologies. The concept of curriculum is used here to designateRead Moreâ€Å"the Spirit of Renaissance and Elizabethan Era†5448 Words  | 22 PagesThe English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the early 16th century to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that many cultural historians believe originated in Tuscany in the 14th century. This era in English cultural history is sometimes referred to as the age of Shakespeare or the Elizabethan era, the first period in English and British history to be named after a reigning monarch. Renaissance literally meansRead MoreA Critical Note on New Historicism Essay2751 Words  | 12 PagesTwentieth century, a number of literary theories and approaches have taken birth in a quick succession. Mostly these approaches raise the question of meaning in a work of literature. Some focuses on lingual and rhetorical elements and others on socio-cultural context. Some imparts more importance to ‘reader’, and other consider as usual ‘author’ as a real originator and meaning producer. The ‘death of author and birth of reader’ is the subject of grand significance in the contemporary critical enquiryRead More The Oppression of Caliban in The Tempest Essay2573 Words  | 11 Pagesfrom similar constant abuse because he is of the lowest social rank in his community. Critic John W. Draper describes Calibans position in relation to the other characters when he says,                         Of all the characters in Shakespeare, Caliban is the                         most fully and repeatedly/ described, though not always                         consistently; and his bodily parts seem to show little/                         relation to his humor or his character
Monday, December 16, 2019
Bureaucracy and Max Weber Free Essays
string(99) " should create a better working scheme such as clear promotion route and good remuneration scheme\." CONTENT INTRODUCTION2 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAX WEBER THEORY OF BUREAUCRACY2 CRITICS TOWARDS MAX WEBER’S THEORY5 ADVANTAGES OF MAX WEBER THEORIES6 CONCLUSION7 BIBLIOGRAPHY8 1. 0 Introduction According to Stephen P. Robbins and Mary Coulter in their book titled Management, bureaucracy can be defined as a form of organisation characterised by division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules and regulations, and impersonal relationship. We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy and Max Weber or any similar topic only for you Order Now Bureaucracy usually gives a negative meaning in life. When it comes to bureaucracy, automatically people would imagine things like red-tape, filled form with too many information and too detail, small problems become complicated because of the rule to be abided and others. Even though we normally equalize bureaucracy with inefficiency, but the truth is, it represents efficiency because the advantages are more than disadvantages. Bureaucracy also can be regarded as an effective way created in order to move to a big organization. The bigger and complicated a formal organization, the greater requirement needed to control and synchronize every member’s activities. The necessities can be fulfilled by bureaucracy, which is an authority structure operated under a rules and procedures. Max Weber defines organization as a social mechanism that maximizes efficiency and effectiveness in administration. 2. 0 Characteristics of Bureaucracy by Max Weber Weber’s focus on the trend of rationalization led him to concern himself with the operation and expansion of large-scale enterprises in both the public and private sectors of modern societies Bureaucracy can be considered to be a particular case of rationalization, or rationalization applied to uman organization. Bureaucratic coordination of human action, Weber believed, is the distinctive mark of modern social structures. In order to study these organizations, both historically and in contemporary society, Weber developed the characteristics of an ideal-type bureaucracy: 2. 0. 1 Written Rules of Conduct According to Weber, all decisions, rules and actions taken by the organization are formulated and recorded in writing. Written documents ensure that there is continuity of the organization’s policies and procedures. Cutajar, 2010) Weber stressed that rational bureaucracies must be managed in accordance with carefully developed rules and principles that can be learned and applied and that transactions and decisions must be recorded so that rules can he reviewed. Only with such rules and principles can the activities of hundreds of managers at different levels in the organization be predicted and coordinated. If we cannot predict what others will do, then we cannot count on them. 2. 0. 2 Hierarchy of Authority Hierarchical authority is required in bureaucracies so that highly trained experts can be properly used as managers. (Borgatti, 2002) The type of authority laid down by Weber rests on the belief of in the legality of formal rules and hierarchies, and in the right of those elevated in the hierarchy to posses authority and issues command. Authority is given to the officials based on their skills, position and authority placed formally in each position. For instance, officer graduated from universities is respected more than the officer with no qualification from universities. He will be given more authorities and issues command. 2. 0. 3 Hierarchical Structure According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. It was self-evident that coordinating the divisions of large organizations requires clear lines of authority organized in a hierarchy. That means there are clear levels of graded authority. All employees in the organization must know who their boss is, and each person should always respect the chain of command; that is, people should give orders only to their own subordinates and receive orders only through their own immediate superior In this way, the people at the top can be sure that directives arrive where they are meant to go and know where responsibilities lie. 2. 0. 4 Division of Labour Division of labour or in other word, specialization of division, means each office has a defined sphere of competence. The tasks of the organization are divided into distinct functions given to separate offices. These functions are clearly specified so that the staff know exactly what is expected of them. Job-holders are given the authority necessary to carry out their roles. Weber’s idea of functional specialization applies both to persons within an organization and to relations between larger units or divisions of the organization. Stephen P. Borgatti in his article titled bureaucracy give an example of division of labour by Swift Co. In his article, within a Swift packing plant, work was broken down into many special tasks, and employees were assigned to one or a few such tasks, including the tasks involved in coordinating the work of others. So, Swift was separated into a number of divisions, each specializing in one of the tasks in the elaborate process of bringing meat from the ranch to the consumer. Weber argued that such specialization is essential to a rational bureaucracy and that the specific boundaries separating one functional division from another must be fixed by explicit rules, regulations, and procedures. Borgatti, 2002) 2. 0. 5 Impersonality of Relationship Impersonality means no hatred or passion with equality of treatment for all clients of the organization. It means, there must be no individual objectives are allowed. All people must follow the organization objectives. In other word, staff members are free of any external responsibilities and constraints so that they are able to attend to the ir duties in a fair and objective way. For example, work is separated from residence in order to separate personal duty and objective of the organization. 2. 0. Lifelong Career Commitment Weber stressed that employment in the organization should be seen as a career for officials. An official is a full-time employee, and anticipate a lifelong career. After an introduction period, the employee is given tenure, which protects the employee from arbitrary dismissal. The organization should create a better working scheme such as clear promotion route and good remuneration scheme. You read "Bureaucracy and Max Weber" in category "Papers" Max Weber viewed these bureaucratic elements as solutions to problems or defects within earlier and more traditional administrative systems. Likewise, he viewed these elements as parts of a total system, which, combined and instituted effectively, would increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the administrative structure. 3. 0 Critics toward Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy There are various critics from public administration philosophers toward bureaucracy theory generated by max Weber. 3. 0. 1 Rigid Rules and Uncreative Weber lined out that the characteristics of his theory on bureaucracy is on hierarchical authority structure. However, the consequences that the organization has to bear is the lost of ability to generate new ideas. There are problems among lower officers due to hierarchical structure. It is because, in hierarchy, order is given by upper officer to the lower officer. The lower officer accepts the instruction without an opportunity to give their own opinion or ideas. So, there were no generation of new ideas and no any check and balance happen. A good organization should involve employees in decision making. 3. 0. 2 Slow Decision Making Process Because of Weber’s theory stressed on hierarchical authority, the decision making process become ineffective. It slows down the process. The decision is all coming from the top management. So, it takes too long for the information to reach the employees. 3. 0. 3 Exploitation of Position and Power Weber’s theory of bureaucracy could lead to exploitation. His suggestion on the use of written rule of conduct can bring problems. A. W Gouldner (1954) noticed that the ‘govern according to rules’ culture in organization caused the consequences of members following the minimum possible rules in order to get by. So, in bureaucratic organization, employees who know to twist the rules would gradually or evidently be more powerful. In consequence, power will have a tendency to shift from a nominal leader of the organization, who did not know how to play by the rules, to employee who really did. 3. 0. 4 Work is not Challenging In bureaucratic theory suggested by Weber, a promotion system is not encouraged. He prefers to use a system based on seniority or qualification in department exams. It means, all the promotions are based on the period he has worked on the organization or the answers on the exam paper. Therefore, there is no earnestness in work because the promotion system is not based on efficiency. The duties also are the same everyday and can create boredom among the officers. 3. 0. 5 Nonresponsive The theories suggested by Weber did not reflect to changes. Reflection is in the term of attitude and speed of changes or adjustments with the changes. For example, when people deal with government agencies or department, bureaucracy cannot help to accelerate the process, meanwhile increase the burden they have to take. The people have to pass through many processes before their problems can be settled. 4. The Advantages of Max Weber Theories of Bureaucracy Weber’s bureaucracy is based on logic and rationality which are supported by trained and qualified specialists. The element of a bureaucracy offers a stable and hierarchical model for an organization. 4. 0. 1 Prevent Misuse of Power Max Weber theories of bureaucracy prevent the misuse of power. It stressed the impersonality of relationship where the officers must distinguish the duties from personal matters. Often happen i n organization where officers use the facilities of the office for personal works. For example, an executive officer used to call his driver to fetch his daughter from school. This action cannot be legalised by the theory. This action shows how the officer used the facilities of the office for personal works. So, by applying the Max Weber theories, an officer can distinguish between the duties and personal matters. 4. 0. 2 Decision is rationalised Bureaucracy practises rational concept is where every decision is based on the objectives and criteria set by the public. Decision being made is not bias as it free from personal matters. It contributes in democracy through technical ability, not because of heritage of family relation in order to obtain certain position. 4. 0. 3 Clear and Written Records The characteristics of Max Weber bureaucracy lined up the need of written rules of conduct. It also stressed the documentation of any decision made. The advantage of this action is that it can be referred easily and any problems arise can be settled without rebuttal when there is a set of rules of conduct. 4. 0. 4 Specialization of Works Bureaucracy enables officers to know in depth on their tasks as the task is divided among them. The specialization also can decrease the burden of duties of the officer and can gradually increase their productivity. Besides that, it is easier for the management to choose among its officers whom are really capable to perform certain tasks. 4. 0. 5 Increase Efficiency and Effectiveness According to Weber, bureaucracies are goal-oriented organizations designed according to rational principles in order to efficiently attain their goals. Offices are ranked in a hierarchical order, with information flowing up the chain of command, directives flowing down. Operations of the organizations are characterized by impersonal rules that explicitly state duties, responsibilities, standardized procedures and conduct of office holders. Offices are highly specialized. Appointments to these offices are made according to specialized qualifications rather than ascribed criteria. All of these ideal characteristics have one goal, to promote the efficient attainment of the organization’s goals. 5. 0 Conclusion Some have seriously misinterpreted Weber and have claimed that he liked bureaucracy, that he believed that bureaucracy was an â€Å"ideal†organization. Others have pronounced Weber â€Å"wrong†because bureaucracies do not live up to his list of â€Å"ideals. † Others have even claimed that Weber â€Å"invented†bureaucratic organization. But Weber described bureaucracy as an â€Å"ideal type†in order to more accurately describe their growth in power and scope in the modern world. The bureaucratic coordination of the action of large numbers of people has become the dominant structural feature of modern societies. It is only through this organizational device that large-scale planning and coordination, both for the modern state and the modern economy, become possible. The consequences of the growth in the power and scope of these organizations is vital to understanding our world. Bibliography Borgatti, S. P. (2002, April 02). analytictech. com. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from Bureaucracy: http://www. analytictech. com/mb021/bureau. htm Cutajar, M. (2010, July 29). Max Weber Bureaucracy Theory. Retrieved March 10, 2011, from suite101. com: http://www. suite101. com/content/max-weber-bureaucracy-theory-a267433 How to cite Bureaucracy and Max Weber, Papers
Sunday, December 8, 2019
The Attractive factors of Apple IPhone-Free-Samples-Myassignment
Question: Discuss about the Attractive factors of Aapple Iphone. Answer: Segments Market attractiveness criteria Size and Growth Structural Attractiveness Company Objective and Resources University or college Students The size and growth of Apple iphone for the university or college student is comparatively high. The college students prefer style and they want to follow the recent trend. Therefore, the company needs to increase their focus on the college students In order to increase the structural awareness of the product among the university students campaigns should be organized in the university campuses. The size of the phone should be big and the processor should be high. In order to improve the objective of the company and the resources for the university students the company must concentrate on the recent innovations that can be made as the students prefer change and they usually want to follow the trend (Eaton et al. 2015). Full time workers The full time workers does not have the financial capacity to purchase the product therefore, the company needs to concentrate on the promotion of the products among the full time workers to increase the growth (Dolata 2017). The full time workers prefer the trendy model as they cannot afford brand. Therefore, the structure of the phone for this class of people should consist of big screen and high resolution. The objective of the company for the full time workers should be to bring products of lower price so that they can afford. Business people The company must focus more on the business people. They want best quality and prefer brand therefore, the company must concentrate on the high range quality in order to increase the size of the market. The structure of the phone for this particular class of people should be the best. It should be more qualitative. The business people prefer brand and quality. The objective of the company for the businessman should be to bring high quality products as they prefer brand and quality. References Dolata, U., 2017.Apple, Amazon, Google, Facebook, Microsoft: Market concentration-competition-innovation strategies(No. 2017-01). Stuttgarter Beitrge zur Organisations-und Innovationsforschung, SOI Discussion Paper. Eaton, B., Elaluf-Calderwood, S., Sorensen, C. and Yoo, Y., 2015. Distributed tuning of boundary resources: the case of Apple's iOS service system.Mis Quarterly,39(1), pp.217-243.
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